Control systems reveiw

• Action potential


  A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
• Action potential


  A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
• Axon


  A thin fiber that conducts electrical impulses away from a neuron, or nerve cell
• Botulism


  Caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves (paralyzes muscles)
• Central Nervous System


  The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body
• Cephalization


  The process involving the concentration of sensory and feeding organs such as nerve cells, mouth, etc. at the interior and the development of the brain
• Chemoreceptors


  Special nerve cells that detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send info to the brain to regulate cardiovascular & respiratory functions
• Cranial Nerves


  One of 12 pairs of nerves that pass from the brain, through openings in the skull, to different areas of the head, chest, abdomen
• Dendrites


  The receiving input portions of a neuron
• Flatworms


  Any of a phylum of simple worms (soft body, lack of body cavity) with bilateral symmetry
• Ganglion


  A collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary autonomic branches of the PNS
• Mechanoreceptor


  A sense organ that responds to mechanical stimuli (touch)
• Multiple Sclerosis


  A disorder of the CNS marked by weakness, numbness, loss of muscle coordination, etc.
• Nerve


  A bundle of fibers that receives & sends messages between the body & brain
• Neuron


  A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell
• Neurotransmitters


  Chemical messengers
• Parkinson's


  A progressive disorder of the NS
• Peripheral Nervous System


  A network of nerves that runs throughout the head, neck & body
• Photoreceptors


  A structure in a living organism, especially a sensory cell or organ, that responds to light
• Planaria


  Free-swimming mostly freshwater flatworms
• Synapse


  A small gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next
• Taxes are a sensory and motor response to stimulus
• Control systems detect change due to disrupters and employ effectors to mediate that change
• The NS transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs
• Planaria have cephalic ganglia (the brain), two central nerus cords, and sensory neurons
• The earthworm's NS comprises a ventral nerve cord and peripheral nerves
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the part of the NS that lies outside the brain and spinal cord
• The 3 main functions of the nervous system

  • Sensory
  • Integrative
  • Motor
• Neuron


  A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses
• Sensory neurons carry impulses from the receptor to the CNS
• Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain to the rest of the body to allow muscles to move
• The brain is protected by the skull cap, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
• Parts of the human brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
• Human brains have a smaller ratio of cerebellum to cerebra compared to other animals
• Types of intelligence


  • Verbal/linguistic
  • Logical-mathematical
  • Visual-spatial
  • Body-kinesthetic
  • Auditory-musical
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalist
• The Endocrine system's function is to release hormones into the bloodstream
• Hormones


  Chemical substances that act like messengers, communicating with target cells to bring about particular changes
• Major endocrine glands


  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• The pancreas produces insulin (reduces glucose levels) and glucagon (increases blood sugar levels)