gender and identity

• FEMALE ID - family

  • parsons - ID formed by girls observing their mothers taking the expressive role in the home
  • they are caring and nurturing
  • oakley - verbal appellation, canalisation and manipulation
  • dolls, pink, little lady
  • forces a caring for family ID and links to women having careers as nurses or carers
• FEMALE ID - education

  education is female centred - mostly female teachers gives more role models

  girls are expected to be passive in education unlike boys

  • francis - more girls in STEM leads to boffin ID
• FEMALE ID - media

  media created unachievable standards for girls

  • woolf - beauty myth
  • tuchman et al - symbolic annihilation of womens achievements
  • decreases self esteem
  • women seen through male gaze and as sexual objects, not intelligence
• FEMALE ID - peers

  • archer - hyper heterosexual ID to gain capital from peers
  • girls not achieveing in school will revert to makeup and jewellery to gain status and attention from boys
  • mcrobbie - bedroom culture
• Female ID - evaluation

  • socialisation is changing - more confidence in women but are seen to pick up masculine traits like arrogance
  • female ID are diverse and women have more choice now e.g trad wife movement
• MALE ID - family

  • parsons - men take on the instrumental role in the family
  • focus on providing and disciplining
  • boys are more likely to observe their dads at home than at work
  • oakley - canalised into masculine jobs with toys like diggers and tools
  • gershunny - dads now are more empathetic and help more in the home
• MALE ID - education

  feminisation of education leads to male underachievement

  • willis - laddim - anti-school subcultures
  • peers and rejection of education rewards with status
  • ward - geek subcultures rather then ASSC
  • mac en ghail - new enterprisers - focus on business and economics instead of rebelling
• MALE ID - media

  messerschmidt - hegemonic masculinity

  • media stereotypes are dangerous as it avoids emotional talk and promotes dangerous risk taking
• MALE ID - evaluation

  • shouldn't generalise and stereotype all males
  • crisis of masculinity - men struggle to find their place in society now