COMPA

Cards (59)

  • Similarities
    Corresponding parts may be considered similar in ancestry, function, and appearance
  • Homology
    Similarity that reflects common descent and ancestry.
  • Analogy
    Characteristics that serve similar functions
  • Homoplasy
    Arrived at via independent evolution and features that simply look alike
  • Serial Homology
    Similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism
  • SymmetryThe repetition of the parts in an animal or plant in an orderly fashion
    • SymmetryThe repetition of the parts in an animal or plant in an orderly fashionition of the parts in an animal or plant in an orderly fashion
  • Radial Symmetry

    A body that is laid out equally from a central axis, so that any of several planes passing through the center divides the animal into equal or mirrored halves
  • Bilateral Symmetry

    Only midsagittal plane divides the body into two mirrored images, left and right
  • Asymmetry
    Having parts that do not match or that are not the same size, shape, or position
  • Anatomical terms

    • Anterior - head end (cranial)
    • Posterior - tail (caudal)
    • Dorsal - back
    • Ventral - belly or front
    • Medial - midline of the body
    • Lateral - the sides
    • Distal - attached appendage to the body: farthest region
    • Proximal - attached appendage to the body: closest region
    • Transverse Plane - separates it into anterior and posterior portions
    • Superior & Inferior (in humans) - generally replace the terms anterior and posterior respectively
    • Pectoral Region - chest supports the forelimbs
    • Pelvic Region - hips supporting the hindlimbs
    • Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) - divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral sections
    • Sagittal Plane - splits into left and right portions
  • Segmented
    A body or structure built of repeating or duplicated sections (segment/metamere)
  • Segmentation
    A process that divides a body into duplicated sections
  • Invertebrate segmentation

    • Segmented tapeworm
  • Craniates
    Chordates with neurocranium (braincase)
  • Plesiomorphic
    • Primitive features
  • Derived
    • Unique anatomical features
  • Craniate 3 regional components
    • Head
    • Trunk
    • Tail
  • Head
    • Special sense of organs
    • Large enough to receive, process and response to stimuli
    • Jaws for acquiring, retaining, and macerating food
  • Trunk
    • Contains a cavity (coelom)
    • Body wall, surrounds the coelom
    • Neck, narrow extension of the trunk that lacks coelom
  • Tail
    • Commences at the anus/vent (postanal)
    • Caudal continuation of body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels
  • Craniates have 3 principal body axes
    • Longitudinal axis (anteroposterior)
    • Dorsoventral axis
    • Left and right axis
  • Metamerism
    The serial repetition of structures in the longitudinal axis of the body
  • Craniate Characteristics
    • Cranium - Bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bones
    • Three-part Brain - Brain are split in 3 regions devoted during the embryonic period: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
    • Neural crest and its derivatives - Emerge from the dorsal edge of the neural tube during neurulation and then migrate extensively throughout the anterior-posterior body axis to generate numerous derivatives
    • Paired external sense organs
    • Cartilage - Strong, flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones
  • Vertebrate characteristics
    • Vertebral column - Provides attachments to muscles, supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord and nerve roots and serves as a site for hemopoiesis
    • Two semicircular canals - Maintenance of balance when the organism is in motion
    • Electroreception - Biological ability to perceive natural electrical stimuli
    • Lateral Line system - A distal touch reception system for detecting wave vibrations and currents in water; receptor cells (neuromast)
    • A number of additional soft tissue specializations
  • Structure common to craniates
    • Notochord & vertebral column
    • Pharynx
    • Dorsal Hollow Central Nervous System
  • Adaptation (biological)

    A hereditary modification of a phenotype that increases the probability of survival
  • Preadaptation (protoadaptation)
    Traits have enabled a phenotype to meet new environmental challenges before it materializes
  • Preadaptation
    • Lungs were present in many fishes long before they were called on to function on land
  • Speciation
    Formation of new species preceded in almost every instance, if not in variability by geographical isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
  • Isolation
    Organisms of the same species are separated, and this happens when there is something between the organisms that they can't cross
  • Isolation
    • Petromyzon marinus dorsatus (freshwater) & Petromyzon marinus marinus (marine)
  • Types of Speciation
    • Allopatric Speciation
    • Peripatic Speciation
    • Parapatric Speciation
    • Sympatric Speciation
  • Allopatric Speciation

    • Northern Spotted Owl & Mexican Spotted Owl
  • Peripatic Speciation
    • Southern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Myrmeciza Hemimelaena & Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird, Myrmeciza Castanea
  • Parapatric Speciation
    • Bullock's oriole & Baltimore oriole
  • Sympatric Speciation
    • Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot fly) Hawthorn & Apple
  • Genetic Drift
    A mechanism of evolution characterized by random fluctuations in the frequency of a particular population (Bottleneck Effect)
  • Evolutionary Convergence
    All of these animals have a streamlined body shape, adapted for life underwater
  • Evolutionary Convergence
    • Shad (fish), Dolphin (mammal), Ichthyosaur (reptile), Puffin (bird)
  • Ontogeny (ontogenesis)

    The developmental history of an organism