final review

• Sternheimer-malbin

  Cratal violet, safranin-O stain used for urine
• Bilirubin

  False positives from pigmented urine
• Urobilinogen

  False positives from Ehrlich reactive chemicals (porphobilinogen, indican, and sulfonamides)
• Uroerythrin

  Amorphous rates
• Hemoglobinuria


  Urine red and clear
• Hematuria


  Urine pink and cloudy
• Urobilinogen


  1. dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
• Eggs n such
• Triple phosphate

  In enlarge prostates
• Renin

  Will constrict blood vessels, increasing blood pressure
• ADH

  Increases blood pressure
• Secretion

  Larger molecules that are put into filtrate
• Blood

  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peri tubular capillaries
  • Vasa recta
• Refrigeration preserves for 48 hours
• Urobilinogen

  Decreases in unpreserved urine due to oxidation into bilirubin
• Other changes in urine

  • Color due to oxidation or reduction of metabolites
  • Ph increase due to disintegration of casts
• Clean midstream catch

  Clean urethra; start flow and then collect
• Random urine

  Most common
• 1st morning void

  Most preferred; most concentrated, more likely to find abnormalities; pregnancy, protein, bacteria
• 2nd morning void

  Glucose screening
• Timed postprandial

  2 hour most common for glucose/diabetes
• Glucose tolerance testing

  1. Collect fasting specimen after drinking glucola

  2. Collect after 0.5 hr, 1.5 hr, 2 hrs
• 3 glass collection

  Prostrate infection
• Specific gravity


  Kidney's ability to concentrate urine; Ratio of the density of a volume of urine to an equal volume of water at the same temperature
• Normal values for specific gravity

  • 1.003-1.035
  • Random urines - 1.010-1.020
  • First morning void - 1.020-1.035
• Correct specific gravity for protein and glucose concentrations

  • - 0.003/per gram of glucose
  • - 0.004/per gram of protein
• Specific gravity is decreased in

  • Diabetes insipidus, endocrine disorders, insufficient ADH, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and excessive water intake
• Specific gravity is increased in

  • Diabetes insipidus, endocrine disorders, insufficient ADH, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and excessive water intake
• Cystitis

  Inflammation of the bladder
• Nephritis

  Inflammation of the kidney
• Pyelonephritis

  Kidney inflammation due to a bacterial infection
• Glomerulonephritis


  Inflammation not due to bacterial infection; Blood, casts, protein in urine; Often caused by antibody-antigen complexes from infections at other body sites; Group A strep respiratory infections, Some autoimmune disorders, Syphilis
• Nephrosis

  Kidney degeneration
• Nephrotic syndrome


  Increased permeability of the glomerular membrane; Often caused by circulatory disorders that affect the blood flow to the body; See Albumin in urine; Decrease in plasma albumin; Increase protein in urine; Increase in plasma lipids
• Macroscopic analysis of urine color

  • Yellow
  • Straw/pale yellow
  • Dark yellow
  • Orange
  • Amber
  • Red/Pink/Bloody
• Normal findings in urine - Mucous, Epithelial cells, Crystals
• Abnormal findings - WBC, RBC, Bacteria
• Sweet odor of urine


  Can be due to ketones
• Urinometer disadvantages

  Require high specimen volume, have to handle carefully, must be hand calibrated, temperature corrections may be needed
• Refractometer

  Correct for protein and glucose concentration, can only run 1 test at a time