Carboxylic acid and deritives

• How can you make acyl chloride?

  RCOOH + SOCl2 ---> RCOCl + SO2 + HCl
• How does acid anhydride look like?

  Acid anhydrides are typically represented as (RCO)2O, where R is an organic group.

  
• What's the name of this molecule

  Ethanoic anhydride--- take the name of the acid that it was derived from

  
• Does acyl chloride and acid anhydride form carboxylic acid? And how?


  Yes. Hydrolysis with water or a nucleophile forms a carboxylic acid.
• How can you measure the solubility of acid anhydride and acyl chloride ?

  You can't. And in case of acyl chloride the reaction can be quite violent
• Acyl chloride and acid anhydride can react with what?

  Water, Alcohol, ammonia, primary amine
• Acyl chloride reacts with water....

  Ethanoyl chloride + H2O ----> ethanoic acid + HCl
• Show the mechanism for acyl chloride reacting with water...

  Addition-elimination reaction

  
• Acyl chloride reacts with alcohol to form what

  Ester and HCl
• Acyl chloride reacts with excess ammonia (2NH3) to produce what?

  Amide and NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)
• Acyl chloride reacts with secondary amine to produce what?

  secondary amide and a salt
• what's the difference between amine and amide?

  Functional groups
• acid anhydride reacts with alcohol, what does it produce

  Ester, carboxylic acid
• acid anhydride reacts with ammonia 


  to produce primary amide and carboxylic acid
• acid anhydride reacts with excess ammonia (2NH3)


  It produces primary amide and ammonium carboxylate salt
• Acid anhydride reacts with excess primary amide to produce..

  secondary amide and carboxylate salt
• In Order what's the most reactive between carboxylic acid, acyl chloride, acid anhydride

  Acyl chloride > acid anhydride > carboxylic acid
• Why do industry choose to use acid anhydride rather then acyl chloride

  Acid anhydride is less exothermic and easier to control. And using ethanoyl chloride let's say produces HCl, which is a dangerous gas. Acid anhydride is cheaper and easier to recycle
• ACID ANHYDRIDE REACTS WITH EXCESS PRIMARY AMINE

  AN AMIDE AND ETHANOATE SALT

  
• what does acylation mean?

  gaining an acyl group
• How would you make ester?

  Carboxyllic acid + alcohol----> esters + water....using heat and H2SO4 catalyst ....This reation is reversable and also known as ester hydrolysis
• How would you make ester?

  Carboxyllic acid + alcohol----> esters + water....using heat and H2SO4 catalyst ....This reation is reversable and also known as ester hydrolysis
• You can also hydrrolyse esters in alkaline conditions...

  Ester+ NaOH---> alcohol and carboxylate salt................but this reaction is non-reversible because the alkaline is consumed
• What's glycerol

  A molecule with 3 alcohol group

  
• what's glycerol often used as?

  • moisturiser
  • solvent
  • plastesiser
• what happens when you react glycerol with 3 carboxylic acid? 


  You get a triester

  
• triester

  ...

  
• Animal and vegetable is made of what?

  glycerol triester like this

  
• What's the difference between a fat and an oil

  when the triester is so long that it's a room temperature it's a fat, But but if it's a liquid at room temperature it's oil
• What's the difference between a fat and an oil

  when the triester is so long that it's a room temperature it's a fat, But but if it's a liquid at room temperature it's oil
• whats the salt that we produces?

  it's a soap

  
• oils react with methanol to produce what?

  in the presence of OH- catalyst they form methyl esters with a long chain is called biodisel