adaptations to facilitate entry

• • Use of vectors: Penetrating the surface straight into the bloodstream through bites or suckers, continually changes through the stages in the lifecycle
• • Enzymes: degrade the cell wall, disrupt the cell membrane
• • Toxins: damage host tissues or inhibit the immune system
• • Effector proteins: suppress host defence processes
• • Phagocytosis and endocytosis: processes are enabled by the host cell to allow pathogens to enter
• • Hiding from the host immune system: cover themselves in host's own antigens so they are not recognised as foreign
• • Adhesion molecules: attach to the surface of the host cell in the extracellular environment. Pili and fimbriae or cell surface adhesion molecules