Lesson 2

• An infection happens when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease.
• A pathogen is a disease-causing microbe which could be classified as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or virus.
• healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
• Infectious agent - Pathogenic microbe such as virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa, and rickettsia.
• Reservoir - Source of the agent of infection or place where the microbe could grow, survive, and multiply.
• Hand hygiene is an essential part of standard precautions in the healthcare setting.
• ABHD - to remove transient microorganisms
• ABHS - is preferred when hands r not visibly dry.
• colored portion - protect urself
• white portion - protect others
• In the clinical laboratory, health workers may be exposed to BBP by needlestick or other injuries caused by sharp objects.
• BBP are microorganisms in the human blood that are infectious and can cause diseases.
• A health worker could be exposed to a biohazard in various ways. These ways are called the biohazard exposure routes.
• A - This refers to fire caused by ordinary combustible materials such as wood or paper, which require water or water-based solutions to extinguish.
• B - This refers to fire caused by flammable liquids and vapors such as paint, oil, grease, and gasoline which require blocking oxygen to snuff out.
• C - This refers to fire caused by live electrical equipment, which requires the use of non-conducting agents to extinguish.
• D - This refers to fire caused by combustible and reactive metals such as sodium, potassium,

  magnesium, and lithium which need powder agents or sand to put out.
• K - This refers to fire caused by cooking oil, grease, or fats with high temperature which

  require agents that prevent splashing, cooling, and smothering the fire.
• Radiation exposure depends on time, distance, and protection or shielding.
• Chemicals are used as cleaning reagents, in adding preservatives in urine container (24-hour), or in delivering specimens to the laboratory.
• The personnel exposed to chemical spill or splash should flush the affected part with water for at least 15 minutes
• Shock - is a condition when there is not enough blood that circulates back to the heart, w/c results in inadequate supply of exugen in the body.
• Being able to perform CPR on a patient increases his/her chance of survival.
• The fingers should be raised so they do not touch the ribcage.
• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is the governmental agency responsible for workplace safety.
• Latex sensitivity: Allergic reaction to latex in gloves or other equipment
• Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects or transferring a patient.
• Safety engineering features for sharps include shielded or self-blunting needles for both vacuum tube systems and butterflies,
• as well cylindrical sheaths for syringe needles,
• The safety feature must be activated as soon as the needle is removed from the vein, unless it is an in-vein safety activation device.
• Proper lifting technique. The knees-bent-lifting.
• The Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001 required all employers to switch to safety needle devices to minimize the risk of accidental sticks and solicited employee input in choosing safer devices.
• HCl which burns mucosal tissue and skin, is used as a preservative

  for urine.
• Bleach, which causes irritation of mucosal tissue and skin, is used as a disinfectant in the laboratory.
• In 2012, OSHA adopted the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
• appropriate hazard warnings communicated through the visual symbols called pictograms,
• SDS provides information about the chemical, its hazards, and the procedures for cleanup and first aid.
• SDS - materials safety data sheet
• By June 2015 all chemicals will be required to include the GHS label and the SDS information.
• Two other types of secondary labels are still in use to identify hazardous materials - DOT & NFPA.