Biology

• KINGDOM PLANTAE


  • Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular and carry out photosynthesis. They are autotrophs.
  • The cells of plants have cell walls, made up of cellulose.
  • Plant cells are specialized for different functions, such as photosynthesis, the transport of materials, and support.
  • Kingdom Plantae includes flowering plants (monocotyledons and dicotyledons) and non-flowering plants (mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants)
• PLANTAE


  • Flowering plants
  • Non-flowering plants
  • Monocotyledons
  • Dicotyledons
  • Ferns
  • Mosses
  • Conifers
• Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

  • Monocots
  • Single cotyledon
  • Parallel veins
  • Floral parts often in multiples of 3
  • Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
  • Fibrous roots
  • Dicots
  • Two cotyledons
  • Branched veins
  • Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
  • Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
  • Taproot
• FERNS


  • Ferns generally reproduce by producing spores.
  • Similar to flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems and leaves.
  • However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds;
  • they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern.
• KINGDOM ANIMALIA


  • Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic.
  • Animal cells have NO cell wall and NO chlorophyll.
  • Most members of the Animal Kingdom can move from place to place.
  • Some are permanently attached to surfaces such as sponges and barnacles.
  • The animal kingdom includes vertebrates such as Fish, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, and mammals-including humans.
  • This Kingdom also includes invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, worms, sea stars, and insects.
• Features


  • Prokaryotes
  • Protista/Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• VIRUSES:


  • Viruses have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions.
  • Only able to replicate by infecting cells and using the organelles and enzymes within
  • very small, size ranges form 20nm to 250 nm
  • Consists of two parts: a nucleic acid and a protein coat called a capsid
  • Nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA but not both
  • Some viruses may have a membrane-like structure outside the capsid called an envelope
• EXAMPLES OF VIRUSES


  • Influenza Virus
  • HIV virus
  • Tobacco mosaic virus
  • Polio virus
  • bacteriophage
• Simple organisms


  • Viruses
• Living things


  • Plants
  • Bacteria
  • Animals
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Prokaryotes
• Crustaceans


  • Ghost crabs
  • Horseshoe crab
  • Lobster
  • Barnacles
• Arachnids


  • Have 4 pairs of legs
  • Most live on land, some in fresh water
  • Are called parasites
• Arachnids


  • Spiders
  • Mites
  • Ticks
  • Scorpions
• Myriapods


  • Have many body segments
  • Live under rocks and dark places
  • Have less than 100 legs
  • Protect themselves by curling up
  • Millipedes have 4 legs per segment, centipedes have 2 legs per segment
• Myriapods


  • Centipede
  • Millipede
• Insects


  • Largest group of arthropods
  • Have 3 pairs of legs
  • Have 3 main body part sections
  • Have 2 pairs of eyes
  • Have mouths
  • Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water
• Insects can fly
• Arthropod body structure


  • Cephalothorax and abdomen
  • Cephalothorax and abdomen
  • Head, thorax, and abdomen
• Arthropod appendages


  • Many jointed appendages (e.g., claws, tail)
  • Four pairs of legs
  • One pair of antennae and three pairs of walking legs, with some having one or two pairs of wings
• Arthropod eyes


  • Compound
  • Simple or book lungs
  • Compound
• Arthropod breathing system


  • Gills
  • Tracheoles
  • Tracheoles
• Arthropod examples


  • Lobsters, crabs, and prawns
  • Spiders, scorpions
  • Flies, ants, bees, and locusts
• Vertebrates


  • Fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
• Fishes


  • Are cold-blooded
  • Lay eggs (but some do give birth to live young)
  • Have a moist skin covered in scales
  • Breathe through gills
• Fishes


  • Goldfish
  • Capitaine
  • Eel
  • Shark
  • Carp
• Amphibians


  • Are cold-blooded
  • Lay eggs in water
  • Have a smooth, moist skin without scales
  • Are able to live on land as well as in the water
• Amphibians


  • Frog
  • Toad
• Reptiles


  • Are cold-blooded
  • Lay eggs with leathery shells
  • Have a dry skin covered with scales
• Reptiles


  • Lizards
  • Crocodiles
  • Tortoises
  • Snakes
• Birds


  • Have feathers
  • Have wings for flying and beak for feeding
  • Lay eggs with hard shells
  • Are warm-blooded
  • Have scales on feet and legs
• Mammals


  • Give birth to live young
  • Feed their babies with their own milk
  • Are more or less covered with hair
  • Are warm-blooded
• Marsupials


  • Non-placental mammals where the young are born very underdeveloped and must crawl into the mother's pouch to continue development
• Marsupials


  • Kangaroo
• Vertebrate characteristics


  • Habitat
  • Exoskeleton
  • Respiratory organs
  • Body temperature
  • Heart
  • Locomotary organs
  • Other features
• Hominid species


  • Australopithecus
  • Homo habilis
  • Homo erectus
  • Homo neanderthalensis
  • Homo sapiens sapiens
• Species


  A group of organisms with similar morphology and physiology, which can breed together to produce fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other species
• Binomial nomenclature


  The formal system of naming species using the genus and species names
• The genus name is capitalized, the species name is not
• Latin is used for the binomial names
• Classification hierarchy


  • Kingdom
  • Phylum/Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species