Chapter 1: Concept of Personal Identification

• process of establishing the identity of an individual?

  Personal Identification
• It refers to the branches of science like pathology, genetics, biology, anthropology, physics, odontology unite together to drive objective source of identification.
• highlights the establishments of identity which refers to the set of physical characteristics, functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that defines individual
• The science of an criminalistics has a vital role in studying the identity of a person
• Father of Criminalistics in US?

  Dr. Paul Kirk
• Big fours' of personal identification: age, sex, stature, ethnicity
• The principle approach towards identification process is by estimating and detecting characters of the remains that may narrow down the pool of matches.
• Stages of Identification

  1. Technique that lead to positive identification
  2. Identification by limiting probable matches to the individual
• Objective: To link unknown body to a known identity.
• Criminalistics is the study of criminal things or the scientific examination of physical evidence
• The sum total of the application of all sciences in crime detection?

  criminalistics
• Criminalistics also referred as Forensic Science
• In the field of criminal investigation it is known as Instrumentation. It is the scientific examination of real evidence , application of instrument and methods of the physical science in detecting crime
• Those things he used or that something he left at the crime scene which are the objects of criminalistics are known as physical evidence.
• The word Forensic was derived from latin word "Forum" which means "market place" a place where people gather for "public discussion". When it is used in conjunction with other sciences it simply connotes the idea of application to law or for the administration of justice. Sometimes it also referred to as "legal"
• Dr. Hans Gross an Australian magistrate to describe "Search for Truth" as the ultimate goal of all investigative and detective works.
• Father of Modern Criminalistics?

  Dr. Hans Gross
• Criminalist is a person trained in forensic sciences; in the application of instruments and methods for detection of crime.
• There are 8 divisions of Criminalistics. The first three belong to Scientific and the other five are Technical.
• The scientific subjects require the study of science and mathematics before practical training in the laboratory while technical subjects are usually learned directly by practical training in the laboratory thru the supervison of of an experienced examiner.
• Chemistry the original name of criminalistics is Forensic Chemistry which shows the significant role of the chemist in the field of criminalistics
• Physics

  the duties of a physicist in crime laboratory include, but are not limited to firearms identification, tool mark comparison, scientific photography, finding out the speed and direction of vehicles and us of X-rays in the detection of crime
• Biology

  A biologists in a police laboratory studies all kinds of living things- blood, semen, urine, hairs and skin; particularly skilled in the used of microscope.
• Forensic Ballistics it deals with the study regarding comparison and identification of weapons alleged to have been used in the commission of crime.
• Firearm Examiner is concerned with the findings of whether a bullet or cartridge was fired from one and the same firearm alleged to have been used in the commission of crime.
• Forensic Questioned Document Examination This technical division of criminalistics is concerned with the examination of forged, altered, or suspected papers, in order to determine if they are genuine or not, that is, the tenor or substance on the face of the documents has been changed in any way. that it prejudices the rights of others.
• Document examiner, therefore, develops latent writing and reveals erasures. alterations, intercalations and changes: compares ink, pencil, typewriting and printed material of all the kinds of questioned and standard documents through the use of ultra-violet, infrared. transparent, and sloping light, as well as advanced photography.
• Graphology aims to determine a person's characteristics, traits and personality by the way a person writes his/her letters and shapes of words.
• Forensic Dactyloscopy (Fingerprint Identification)Fingerprint Identification is the cornerstone of Personal Identification.
• "No Two Persons Have the Same Fingerprint" or "The Principle of Individuality". Fingerprint is a positive proof wherein law enforcement agencies look upon the science as the best evidence of positive identification.
• Forensic Photography Photography serves as an aid to firearms examination, questioned document examination, and fingerprint identification.
• Forensic Polygraphy

  Polygraph machine, it uses test or questioning of individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth of statements through visual, permanent and simultaneous recording of a person's cardio vascular and respiratory pattern.
• How many percent is the accuracy of polygraph to the court?

  96%
• Encompasses any and all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator?

  Physical evidence
• Uses of Physical Evidence:

  1. prove that a crime has been committed
  2. Corroborate testimony
  3. Link suspect with a victim or with a crime scene
  4. Establish the identity of persons associated with a crime
  5. Allow reconstruction of events of a crime
• an impression, designed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of the fingers and thumb on any smooth surface through media of ink, sweat or any reagents capable of producing a visibility?

  Fingerprint as impression
• It is the identification of a person by means of the ridges appearing on the fingers, on the palms and on the soles of the feet?

  Fingerprint as a Science
• the impression or reproduction left on any material by the friction skin of the palms?

  Palm Print
• the impression or reproduction left on any material by the friction of the skin of the foot/feet or toe/toes?

  Footprint/shoeprint
• The skin on inner hands and fingers, and on the bottom of the feet and toes, which is characterized by alternating strips of raised ridges and furrows arranged in a variety of patterns?

  Friction Skin