Understanding Development

• Economic development - progress in economic growth
• Social development- Improvement in standard of living
• Political development- Having a stable political system that can meet the needs of society.
• Name some measures of development? 


  GDP, CPI, HDI
• GDP 


  Gross Domestic Product is the total value of goods and services produced by a country annually.
• CPI 


  Corruption Perceptions Index is an approximate measure of the level of corruption in the public sector, ranging from 1 to 100
• HDI 


  Human Development Index is a measure calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head.
• Why are composite indicators better than single indicators? 


  Some aspects may develop before other, so it might seem that a country is more developed than it actually is.
• Why do developing countries have population pyramids have wides bases that rapidly narrows? 


  1. Use of contraception is low and so fertility and birth rates are high.
  2. Poor healthcare causes high infant mortality rates, high death rates, high maternal mortality rates and low life expectancy.
• Why do emerging countries have Population pyramids that start to narrow at the base and widen at the top? 


  1. Better gender equality and education means contraception use increases and more women work instead of giving birth.
  2. This all leads to reduced fertility rates. Better healthcare causes increased life expectancy.
• Why do developed countries have Population pyramids that become even narrower at the base and wider at the top resulting in a bulging mid-section? 


  1. There is less money available for children because people desire a high quality of life, and so fertility rates are low.
  2. Good healthcare causes low death rates, low maternal mortality rates, low infant mortality rates and high life expectancy
• Name the causes of Global Inequalities?

  Climate, Topography, Health, Education, Colonialism, Neo-colonialism, Systems of Governance, International Relations
• How does colonialism cause global inequalities?

  Previously colonised countries are often less developed when they become independent than if they had never been a colony.
• How do poor international relations lead to global inequalities?


  Countries with good international relations can good trade agreements and loans helping development
• Describe Traditional Society in Rostow's modernisation theory? 


  1. Levels of trade are very low
  2. Residents are subsistence farmers
• Globalisation 


  Places becoming more interconnected, intergrated and interdependent
• Why is globalisation increasing global inequality?


  free trade and free movement of labour benefits rich countries more than poor countries.
• What are the scale and aims of Top-down development strategies?


  Large Scale projects that aim to improve the lives of many by solving big problems.
• What are the scale and aims of Bottom-up development strategies? 


  Small scale projects that aim to improve the quality of life of the poorest people
• Describe the Preconditions for Take-Off stage in Rostow's modernisation Theory?


  1. Manufacturing starts to develop

  2. Infrastructure is built

  3. International trading begins
• Describe the Take-Off stage in Rostow's modernisation Theory?

  1. Rapid, intensive growth
  2. Large scale industrialisation
  3. Increasing Wealth
• Describe the drive to maturity stage in Rostow's modernisation theory?

  1. Economy grows so people become wealthier
  2. Standards of living rise
  3. Widespread use of technology
• Describe the mass consumption stage in Rostow's modernisation theory?

  1. Lots of trade

  2. Mass production of goods

  3. People are wealthy so high consumption
• Describe Frank's dependency theory? 


  It argues that the periphery remains poor as they are dependent on core countries.
• How do richer countries exploit poorer countries according to Frank's dependency theory? 


  1. By taking advantage of cheap labour and raw materials
  2. Interfering in local politics
  3. Giving loans with high interest rates leading to large debts.
• How are poorer countries made dependent on richer countries?

  Poorer countries are encouraged to produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they need to import manufactured goods at a higher cost trapping them in poverty and making them dependent.
• How do governments increase globalisation? 


  1. Promoting free trade, which makes it easier to move goods, money and services between different countries.
  2. Competing to attract investment from TNCs.
  3. Handing over services and industries to private companies
• What kind of funding to Top-down development strategies have? 


  1. Expensive so funded by TNCs or developed countries for profit
  2. Loans from international organisations
• What kind of funding does Bottom up development strategies have?


  1. Much cheaper

  2. Charitable donations from richer countries
• What are the disadvantages of NGO-led intermediate technology? 


  1. Small scale so only few people benefit
  2. Inefficient due to lack of collaboration
• What are the Advantages of IGO-funded large infrastructure?

  1. Can afford large infrastructure projects

  2. Improve both the economy and quality of life
• Positive impacts of Economic development?


  1. All age groups have improved health.

  2. Some age groups have improved education.

  3. Gender equality has improved.
• BRICS


  Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa - countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic growth