Long Term Memory

• Who proposed the Long term memory model?

  Tulving (1985)
• What are the three types of LTM?

  Semantic , Episodic and Procedural
• What is declarative memory?

  Consciously recalled and can be put into words
• What is non-declarative memory?

  Cant be consciously recalled and is difficult to put into words
• What is episodic memory?

  A long term memory store of personal events. It retains memories of when events occurred and the people , objects , places and behaviour involved. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort.

  - It also refers to our ability to recall event from our lives

  - Memories are 'time-stamped
• What is semantic memory?

  A long term memory store for our knowledge of the worlds

  - These memories need to be recalled deliberately. Memories aren't 'time-stamped'

  - Semantic knowledge is less personal, it is a large collection of material which is constantly being added to.
• What is procedural memory?

  A long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things, including our memories of learned skills

  - These memories can be recalled without making a conscious or deliberate effort
• Evaluation: Strength- Cases of Clive Wearing


  One type of LTM of LTM may be impaired but other types of LTM will be unaffected.

  For example Clive wearing was still able to skilfully play the piano and understand the concept of music (procedural and semantic) but was unable to remember his wife visiting him 5 minutes previously. This supports the classification of different types of LTM as separate
• Evaluation: Strength- Tulving

  There is neuro imaging evidence- There is evidence from brain scan studied that the difference types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain. Tulving et al got their participants to complete memory tasks as their brains were being scammed using a PET scanner. It showed that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from an area called the prefrontal cortex which is divided into two (left and right hemisphere). Left semantic and right episodic
• Evaluation: Limitation- Cohen and Squire


  Cohen and Squire disagree with Tulvings division of LTM into three types. They argued that episodic and semantic memories are stored together in one LTM store. Declarative memory