EAPP - 1

• Academic text


  Critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field using formal language
• Academic text


  • Based on facts with solid basis
  • Formal
  • Objective (impersonal)
  • Technical
• Formal


  Avoiding casual or conversational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary
• Objective (impersonal)


  Avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas
• Technical


  Using vocabulary specific to the discipline
• Structure


  • Clear structure
  • Logical flow
  • Cohesive text
• The Three-Part Essay Structure

  1. Introduction

  2. Body

  3. Conclusion
• Introduction


  Clearly tells the reader the topic, purpose and structure of the paper
• Body


  Develops the question, "What is the topic about?". It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples and evidence
• Conclusion


  Briefly summarizes the main scope or structure of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction, ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates to its context
• The methods of development vary with the individual purposes and reactions to different situations and problems
• There are all possible ways of presenting and developing an idea. Skillful writers may employ a combination of the methods in writing a paragraph
• Narration


  Historical Narration - the purpose of which is to inform and explain. Literary Narration - to amuse or entertain by telling a story by representation an rendition
• Narration


  Use narration to recall an event or explain how a process works. A narrative is a story. It arranges information in chronological (time) order; one event in a story or one step in a process follows another just as it happened.
• Narrative Arc


  Illustrates the chain of events in a narrative story
• Description


  Use description when you need to explain the nature of people, places, and things. It's always a good idea to start a physical description by relying on your five senses to gather details about what your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells, or even tastes like.
• Description


  Unlike narration, which presents information from beginning to end, description can be arranged in any pattern you think best. Usually, the pattern is spatial, presenting things as they appear in space. But each writer chooses his or her own perspective—the position from which to view a subject. And each decides where to begin and where to end.
• Sensory Language


  Refers to the words we used to describe how your subject appears, sounds, feels, smells, or even tastes. They breathe life into your writing and allows the reader to feel like they're a part of the experience.
• Objective Description


  Is primarily factual, paying no attention to the writer, especially the writer's feelings or opinions.
• Subjective Description


  Includes attention to both the subject described and the writer's reactions (internal, personal) to that subject.
• Definition


  Is a rhetorical style that uses various techniques to impress upon the reader the meaning of a term, idea, or concept.
• Formal Definition


  The definitions provided in dictionaries.
• Informal Definition


  The three common informal definitions are: operational definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
• Operational Definitions


  Refers to a detailed explanation of the technical terms and measurements.
• Synonyms


  Refers to a word similar to another word.
• Connotation


  The use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal meaning.
• Definition Paragraph


  It is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations, and other kinds of paragraph development to make clear the term being defined.
• Classification


  Classification—distinguishing types or classes—can help you explain a great deal of seemingly unrelated information in an organized and easy-to-follow manner.
• Comparison


  Explains similarities.
• Contrast


  Explains differences.
• Comparison and Contrast


  The goal of a comparison-contrast pattern is to show that one concept or idea is superior to the other – based on observed and evaluated elements of both concepts.
• Comparison and Contrast


  A paragraph developed by comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. Also, it must be balanced in such a way that there is an equal amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.
• A cause states why something happens while an effect is what happens.
• When used in developing a paragraph, it explains why a sequence, condition, and phenomenon happens and how they lead to another.
• Problem-Solution


  Usually, text written in this pattern has the problem and the solution sections. The problem section highlights the problem, its occurrence, and supporting details why this needed to be addressed immediately. On the other hand, the solution section contains answers on how to solve the problem and why these solutions are viable.
• Problem-Solution


  It usually follows this format: introduction, problem paragraph(s), solution paragraph(s), and conclusion.
• Persuasion


  The kind of discourse used to make the reader think or act as the arguer desires. It aims to persuade rather than to simply explain and inform.
• Thesis statement


  The controlling idea that you will develop in your paper. This can be found usually at the end of an introduction.
• Elements of a thesis statement

  • Topic
  • Argument/Claim
  • Evidence
• Example 2 (Research/explanatory)


  • Topic - Cheese
  • Argument - has healthy tendencies
  • Evidence - calcium helps bones and teeth, boosts the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and the protein helps cells repair themselves