cultural

• Culture


  • Patterns of behavior
  • Collective programming of the mind
  • Shared assumptions and beliefs
  • Transmission of symbols
  • Learned derivatives of experience
• Matthew Arnold's view of culture


  Refers to special intellectual or artistic endeavors or products (what today we might call "high culture" as opposed to "popular culture" or "folkways")
• Materializations of culture


  • Fashion
  • Music
  • Poetry
  • Dance
• Edward Tylor's view of culture


  Refers to a quality possessed by all people in all social groups, who nevertheless could be arrayed on a development (evolutionary) continuum from "savagery" through "barbarism" to "civilization"
• Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
• Franz Boas' view of culture

  • Culture is unique to each person or society as there is no universal character of a single culture
  • There should be no value judgments in viewing different cultures which means one should never differentiate high from low culture, and one ought not differentially valorize cultures as savage or civilized
• The difficulty to arrive at a single universal meaning of culture is not merely a conceptual or semantic issue, but is driven by various political and ideological agendas
• Folk Culture


  • The way of living in a place in a specific time and portrays the practices of a certain people, and on how they cope to survive with nature
  • The different ethnic cultures of pre-Hispanic tribal communities, born of a common economic matrix, constitute Philippine folk culture, strains of which have drift into elements of popular culture
• National Culture


  The culture created through colonial resistance with the collective of a people on a given place and time being the various "folk cultures" of the Filipinos "homogenized" by communication technology and by history
• Popular Culture


  • Lives through history and is always in relation to power – whoever wields it to manipulate minds is likely to find its literary and technological machinery turned against him/her when the minds it has manipulated discover its potency as a political weapon
  • Still has no definitive conception in the Philippines but is always tied to mass media-generated culture