Gen bio 3

• Plants


  The antennae by which the energy of sunlight is captured in the ecosphere and then stored in food for later slow, catabolic release in the living cells of both plants and animals
• 99% of our planet's living matter is composed of plants
• Plants


  • Almost all tracheophytes are composed of just three main parts: leaves, stems, and roots
• Gymnosperms


  A group of woody nonflowering vascular plants (as pines, yews, and gingkos) that produce naked seeds not enclosed in a true fruit
• Naked seeds


  Seeds that are not protected by a fruit
• Angiosperms


  Flowering plants
• Monocotyledonous seed


  Seeds that consist of a single (mono) embryonic leaf cotyledon
• Monocot seeds


  • Corn
  • Wheat
• Dicotyledonous seed


  Seeds that have two embryonic cotyledons
• Dicot seeds


  • Mango
  • Bean
• Plant hormones


  Control all the growth and development activities like cell division, enlargement, flowering, seed formation, dormancy and abscission
• Types of plant hormones

  • Growth Promoters
  • Growth Inhibitors
  • Growth Promoters & Inhibitors
• Gibberellins


  • Induce cell division and elongation in stem tissue causing stems to lengthen between nodes
  • Involved in breaking dormancy of seeds, seed germination, and induction of flowering
• Auxins


  • Promote or inhibit cell division and elongation
  • Inhibit abscission which is the dropping of leaves
  • Cause apical dominance which prevents the growth of lateral buds
• Abscisic acid


  • Promotes leaf aging
  • Closes stomata during dry spells
  • Inhibits growth
  • Inhibits seed germination
• Cytokinins


  • Induce cell division
  • Stimulate germination
  • Affect root growth and differentiation
• Ethylene


  • Widely used to artificially ripen fruit
  • Induces fruits and leaves to mature and drop
  • Promotes flowers in some species
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  • Father of Genetics
  • Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden
• Mendel's experiments


  1. Around 1854, began to research the transmission of hereditary traits in plant hybrids

  2. Cross-fertilized pea plants that had clearly opposite characteristics
• Pea plant


  Can be easily grown and maintained
• Mendel used Pisum sativum for his experiments