3rd

• Proponents of social learning theory argue that the set of behaviors of an individual is acquired through enculturation and socialization processes. The variation in human behavior is attributed to the differences in cultural templates of every society that the individual learns from.
• Nature


  Biological inheritance
• Nurture


  Cultural inheritance
• Socialization


  The process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his or her society's norms
• Identity Formation


  The compilation of the values, attitudes, and beliefs that individuals receive from their family, peers, and community enables them to create a personal identity
• Primary Identity


  The roles and statutes that an individual learns as a child
• Theories that explain the existence of deviants (human/groups) and deviance (acts)

  • Social Control Theory
  • Rational Choice Theory
  • Differential Association Theory
  • Labeling Theory
  • Conflict Theory
  • Structural-functionalist Theory
• Social Control Theory


  Deviance is primarily caused by a lack in stronger social bonds within a society
• Rational Choice Theory


  The individual's decision to follow or to go against social norms is dependent on their perceived cost and benefit of such action
• Differential Association Theory


  Conformity or deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she associates with
• Labeling Theory


  Actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labelled as such by members of the community
• Conflict Theory


  Society consists of opposing groups of people whose access to power is unequal
• Structural-functionalist Theory


  On the macro level, deviance is a product of the breakdown of social norms. On the macro level, deviance is a product of the role strain that an individual experiences due to lack of resources to cope with the demands of the social norms
• Norms and values


  All those ideas held in society that are considered good, acceptable, and right
• Four Categories of Norms

  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Taboos
  • Laws
• Folkways


  The socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning
• Mores


  The norms related to moral conventions
• Taboos


  Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in specific culture
• Laws


  The rules and regulations that are implemented by the state
• Status


  An individual's position in his or her society, which carries with it a set of defined rights and obligations
• Roles


  The sets of expectation from people who occupy a particular status
• Conformity


  The act of following the roles and goals of one's society
• Deviance


  The act of violating the prescribed social norms
• Cultural Relativism


  The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another
• Moral Relativism or Ethical Relativism


  Several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different peoples and their own particular cultures
• Enculturation


  The process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in that culture and worldviews
• Moral relativism or ethical relativism


  A term used to describe several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different peoples and their own particular cultures
• Descriptive moral relativism


  Holds only that people do, in fact, disagree fundamentally about what is moral, with no judgment being expressed on the desirability of this
• Meta-ethical moral relativism


  Holds that in such disagreements, nobody is objectively right or wrong
• Normative moral relativism


  Holds that because nobody is right or wrong, everyone ought to tolerate the behavior of others even when considerably large disagreements about the morality of particular things exist
• Enculturation


  The process by which people learn the dynamics of their surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in that culture and worldviews. As part of this process, the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual include parents, other adults, and peers
• Socialization


  In some academic fields, refers to the deliberate shaping of the individual. In others, the word may cover both deliberate and informal enculturation
• Acculturation


  A process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment
• Theories that explain the existence of deviants (human/groups) and deviance (acts)

  • Social Control Theory
  • Rational Choice Theory
  • Differential Association Theory
  • Labeling Theory
  • Conflict Theory
  • Structural-functionalist Theory
• Sociologist perspectives on society

  • August Comte
  • George Herbert Mead
  • Emile Durkheim
  • Mornis Ginsberg
  • Talcott Parsons
  • George Douglas Cole
  • Robert Maclver and Charles Page
• Cultural Relativism is important in attaining cultural understanding because it allows us to understand and appreciate the differences in moral judgments across different cultures, rather than judging them against the criteria of our own culture