STS

• The Fourth Industrial Revolution

  Fusion of advanced technologies in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the internet of things (IoT), genetic engineering, quantum computing and other technologies
• Toffler's Waves of Technology

  • Agricultural Technology (1st IR)
  • Industrial Technology (2nd IR)
  • Information/Digital Age (3rd IR)
• Agricultural Technology


  • End of hunter-gatherers system, tools use were inclined plane, the lever, and the wheel and axle
  • Information - verbal narratives
• Industrial Technology


  • Era of steam engine
  • Work involved investments (capital) in expensive equipment
  • People (labor) to work the machines
  • Location (factories) where all parts could come together
• Information/Digital Age


  • Digital info and processes
  • Hyper - organization
  • Mass communication
• Local industrial technology


  • Jeepney
  • Tricycle
• Artificial intelligence


  The ability of a computer, or a robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence and discernment
• Robotics


  The intersection of science, engineering, and technology that produces machines, called robots, that substitute for (or replicate) human actions
• Internet of Things


  Describes the network of physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet
• Genetic Engineering


  The process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
• Quantum Computing


  • An area of computing focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory
  • Made up of qubits
  • Unlike a normal computer bit, which can be 0 or 1, a qubit can be either of those, or a superposition of both 0 and 1
• Cybersecurity


  • The practice of protecting critical systems and sensitive information from digital attacks
  • Cybersecurity measures are designed to combat threats against network systems and applications, whether those threats originate from inside or outside of an organization
• Nanotechnology


  • Understanding and manipulation of matter at dimensions between 1 to 100 nanometer
  • Nanometer
  • Modern nanotechnology
• Impacts of the 4IR


  • Transportation and Energy: Travel in driverless cars, Homes and offices will be powered by a smart grid, Use sensors to analyze the environment, Factories will be embedded in smart cities and powered by wind, sun, and geothermal energy
  • Healthcare and Medicine: Drones check infrastructure for damage and deliver wifi access to disaster zones, Sensors will detect changing health conditions
• Telemedicine


  • Allows doctors to examine and diagnose patients remotely, through online videoconferencing
  • Enable patient to waste less time in the waiting room and to get immediate care when they need it
• Artificial intelligence in healthcare


  Assists radiologists in the detection and diagnosis of disease
• Rehab Robots


  Medical robots can assist patients in physical therapy to regain strength and range of motion
• Robot surgery


  Surgeons provide instructions that surgical robots carry out
• Prosthetics


  • The branch of medicine that supplies artificial parts of the body, called prostheses
  • It replaces a body part lost as a result of injury, disease, or defect
• Cellular Agriculture and Synthetic food

  Cell agriculture is the use of cells to grow farm product substitutes
• Challenges of 4IR


  • Greater inequality (low skill/ low pay and high skill/high pay)
  • Displacement of workers
  • Privacy
• Opportunities of 4IR


  • Potential to raise global income levels
  • Improve the quality of life
  • Access to digital world
• Natural resources


  Materials and energy provided by nature
• Categories of natural resources

  • Inexhaustible resources: can last forever in a human time scale
  • Renewable resources: can be used repeatedly because they are replenished through natural processes
  • Exhaustible (Nonrenewable): exists on a fixed amount, or stock, in the earth's crust
• Tragedy of the commons


  Resources owned in common tend to be overused
• Conditions to avoid tragedy of the commons

  • Clearly defined (who owns it)
  • Enforceable (owned property protected by law)
  • Transferable (profits from the resource, or the resource, itself, can be bought and sold property rights)
• Weather


  A set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other factors occurring in each area over hours or days
• Climate


  A pattern of atmospheric conditions in each area over periods ranging from at least three decades to thousands of years
• Key factors that influence an area's climate

  • Incoming solar energy
  • Earth's rotation global patterns of air and water movements
  • Greenhouse gases
  • Earth's surface features
• Non-greenhouse gases


  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
• Greenhouse gases


  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
• Natural greenhouse effect


  How carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other molecules absorb the energy of specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation and transfer parts of that energy to the atmosphere as heat
• Enhanced greenhouse effect


  Refers to human activities that are adding to the warming of the atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect, the presence of gases that increase the atmosphere's retention of heat energy of the sun
• Disaster risk reduction


  Concepts and practices aimed at reducing damages caused by natural hazards through systematic efforts to analyze and manage their causal factors
• Climate-related hazards


  They may be global and large-scale, but they can affect human society at the local level
• Hazard


  The potential occurrence of climate-related physical events or trends that may cause damage and loss
• Exposure


  The presence of assets, services, resources, and infrastructure that could be adversely affected
• Vulnerability


  The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected
• Risk


  Results from the interaction of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability
• Disaster


  Happens when a hazard impacts vulnerable populations