Changing Ecenomic World

• stage 1 of the demographic transition model

  • low life expectancy
  • population stable
  • high BR - because people expect half of their children to die before 1, they birth double the amount of children they want.
  • high DR - 56% of babies die before 1

  why high BR and DR?

  • birth - no birth control
  • death - little medicine, war
• stage 2 of the demographic transition model

  • population grows because medicine prevents babies from dying
  • deathrate drops due to the same reason

  characteristics of BR and DR

  • BR is high as no birth control
  • DR drops due to improved medicine and hygeine
• stage 3 of the demographic transition model

  • population still growing but not fast
  • BR drops rapidly
  • DR decreases steadily

  characteristics of BR and DR

  • BR drops due to more birth control and increased materialism
  • DR dropping due to improved medicine and hygeine
• stage 4 of the demographic transition model

  • low birthrate and deathrate

  characteristics of BR and DR

  • BR fluctuates due to ecenomic situation
  • DR drops due to improved hygeine and medicine
• stage 5 of the demographic transition model

  • populations start to decrease
  • BR very low and drops below DR

  characteristics of BR and DR

  • BR fluctuates due to ecenomic situation
  • DR increases slightly due to ageing population
• reasons for a high BR


  -poor farmers need lots of children to help them work the land and help earn money in the future

  
  

  -so many babies die before the age of 1, so parents birth lots in the hopes of some surviving

  
  

  -there's no family planning/birth control available
• reasons for a low BR

  -women have a better education now, so they tend to marry later and have less kids

  -fewer infant deaths, so parents have less children as they will survive to adulthood

  -better awareness/advice about contraception has helped reduce BR
• reasons for a high DR

  -famine, unreliable sources of food lead to death

  -diseases like malaria and TB can cause many deaths, especially if the area lacks in good medicine/hygeine

  -lack of clean piped warer can lead to water-borne diseases such as cholera, causing death
• reasons for a low DR

  -improved medical care, more doctors and medicine

  -better infastructure, so emergency servives can reach all areas of the country, so fewer people die

  -better water supplies, reduce killer water-borne diseases like cholera
• what does landlocked mean?

  no coast, surrounded by other countries
• how does being landlocked lead to uneven development?

  • can't transport packages overseas easily
  • no fishing
• how does differing climates lead to uneven development?

  • too hot climate = people don't want to work, lack of productivitytoo
  • cold climate = hard to get to work, and use machinery
  • (we want a moderate climate, and a high precipitation)
• how does extreme weather lead to uneven development?

  • some countries are more prone to tropical storms and droughts
  • it destroys infastructure
• how does lack of adequate water supply lead to uneven development?

  • 80% of all water is used by industry and farming, 20% used by households
  • water is needed for growing crops, so a lack is bad.
  • in poorer countries, collecting water can take lots of time out of their working day, reducing productivity
• how can conflict cause countries to develop slower?

  • war causes people to lose their homes, meaning they live in refugee camps
  • war can pause childrens education
  • money is being spent on weapons, not on developing the country
• how can poverty cause countries to develop slower?

  • people can waste several hours of their working day to collect water
  • econonmy relies on consumers to grow, if people can't afford to buy things, demand is low and keeps development slow
• how to HIC'S/NEE's exploit LIC's?

  • they employ people for much less than they would do themselves
  • they don't pay enough for the raw material that they purchase
• displaced person



  not living where they want to
• asylum seeker

  someone who applies to stay in a country
• emmigrant

  someone who's deported from a country
• immigrant


  someone who's arrived to a country
• domestic migration

  movement of people within the same country
• why are people in LIC's becoming more aware of the development gap?

  internet images promotes how different use is, therefore people want to be in the country, increasing internation migration
• remmitance

  when somebody sends money from a HIC to an LIC.

  that money is spent in the poorer country, which increases consumer demand
• brain drain


  talented professionals move to another country in search of better pay and working conditions
• reducing the development gap - investment

  • involves the development of infrastructure such as water, roads and electricity
  • foreign investment injected into LIC's, leads to the multiplier effect
  • example: "shell" in africa
• reducing the development gap - debt relief

  • debt relief reduces the development gap because it allows governments to spend their money on other things rather than paying off debts
  • LIC's borrow money from HIC's by investing in industry and manufacturing
  • to qualify, LIC's need to show they can manage their own finances and show that theres no government corruption
• reducing the development gap - aid

  • aid reduces the development gap by providing funds that can be used to improve living standards.
  • other countries donate resources to another country to help it develop
  • uk aid to pakistan in 2013 was used mostly for education
• reducing the development gap - tourism

  • tourists visiting areas lead to investment and increased income from abroad
  • this helps reduce the development gap as increased income can be used to improve education and infastructure
  • tourists inject their money into the economy, their income becomes somebody elses income, leading to the multiplier effect. this money goes to the government, where they can invest in infastructure
• Tourism in Tunisia - Impacts

  impact of tourism (social):

  • literacy rates up from 66% to 82% in 22 years
  • longer life expectancy

  impact of tourism (ecenomic):

  • income quadrupled in the 1970s
  • tunisia is now one of the most wealthiest countries in africa
• Tourism in Tunisia - Problems

  • pollution to the environment
  • terrorism in 2015, which reduced visitor numbers for some years, also less foreign investment
  • leakage of profits, money going go forgein companies