Bottom Up Approach

• What do profilers develop from evidence collected at crime scenes?

  Hypotheses about offender characteristics
• How do profilers create a profile based on evidence?

  By systematic statistical analysis of the crime scene
• What is the British approach to profiling based on?

  Data-driven and psychological theory
• What does the British approach to profiling lack?

  No fixed typologies to start with
• What are the features of Investigative Psychology?

  • Matches crime scene details with offender behavior
  • Interpersonal coherence
  • Offender's behavior at the scene indicates daily behavior
  • Example: language used by rapists
  • Significance of time and place
• What does interpersonal coherence refer to in profiling?

  Offender's behavior at the scene reflects daily life
• How can the language a rapist uses provide insights?

  Indicates their general behavior towards women
• What is Geographical Profiling?

  • Analyzes spatial consistency of crimes
  • Reveals offender's operational base
  • Involves crime mapping to infer location
  • Modus operandi reflects offender's thinking
  • Assumes offenders restrict crimes to certain areas
• What does spatial consistency in Geographical Profiling indicate?

  Offender's operational base and future offences
• Who proposed the concept of crime mapping in 1997?

  Kim Rosso
• What does modus operandi refer to in profiling?

  How an offender is thinking during a crime
• What is the assumption behind geographical profiling?

  Offenders restrict crimes to geographical areas
• What are Canter’s circle theory models of offender behavior?

  The marauder and the commuter
• What characterizes a marauder in Canter's circle theory?

  Operates close to home
• What characterizes a commuter in Canter's circle theory?

  Likely to travel distances from home
• What is Small Space Analysis in profiling?

  • A statistical technique for crime data correlation
  • Identifies patterns in criminal behavior
  • Salfati and Canter (1999) identified three themes:
  • Instrumental Opportunistic: murder for goals
  • Instrumental Cognitive: careful to avoid detection
  • Expressive Impulsive: emotional, uncontrolled actions
• What are the three main themes identified by Salfati and Canter in 1999?

  Instrumental Opportunistic, Instrumental Cognitive, Expressive Impulsive
• What does Instrumental Opportunistic refer to?

  Murder to achieve a goal using easiest methods
• What does Instrumental Cognitive refer to?

  Criminal is careful about being found
• What does Expressive Impulsive refer to?

  Criminal acts in uncontrolled emotional moments