Key Topic 2

• Progressive Party

  1959: Founded by UP breakaway

  1961: Won first seat in parliment (Helen Suzman)

  1974: Had 5 seats

  1975: Progressive Reform Party (merged with UP breakaway)

  1977: Progressive Federal Party (merged with UP breakaway)

  1989: Merged again (Democratic Party) and won 34 seats

  1994: All their votes went to De Klerk (7 seats)
• Helen Suzman

  • A founding member of the Progressive Party (Democratic Alliance)
  • 1961, only member of parliment that was anti-apatheid

  - Jewish, english-speaking woman in a sea of Afrikaner, white men

  • Spoke up against apartheid and visited prisons (ex. Robben Island)
  • Won UN Human rights award (1978)
  • Nominated twice for a Nobel Peace prize
• SOWETO impact on ANC (June 1976)

  • Young activists fleeing SA joined ANC camps
  • Could claim the had legitimate support

  - Not actually involved with SOWETO (out of touch)
• Global acceptance of ANC

  • Many government hesitant b/c communism, violence (MK), and fear of offending SA
  • Strong support from CAnada, Netherlans, and Scandinavia

  - Sweden publicly recognised ANC from 1969

  - Scandinavia sent healthcare and funding (but not to MK)
• UDF's strengths

  1. Strikes: # of lost working days from 1 million - 6 million in 1 year
  2. Incorporated local groups
  3. Affiliated with COSAS
  4. Boycott local elections
  5. Umbrella organisation
• Nelson Mandela

  • Spent 27 yrs in prison (On Robben Island cell was 2*2 meters)
  • 1988: 70 year birthday concert at Wembley stadium
  • 1993: wins Nobel Peace Prize (with De Klerk)
  • 1994: first democratically elected president of SA
  • Established the White Paper
  • Reconstruction and development programme (RDP)
  • Truth and Reconsiliation Commtitee (1995)
  • 1995: supported the world rugby cup (mostly white team)
• Thabo Mbeki

  • President in 1999
  • Corruption: Spent £ 1.5 billion on jets, airforce wanted 1/3 price (Joe Modise)
  • Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR)
  • Widely ignored AIDS crisis, saying it was western stigma + class problem

  - Refused free antiretrovirals (ARVs) in 2000

  • Blames apartheid for his government's shortcomings
• Jacob Zuma

  • 1963: Joins MK and sentenced to 10 yrs on Robben Island
  • 1975: Moves to Switzerland for MK training (Mbeki teaches to shoot gun)

  - 2006: rapes an HIV positive woman

  • 2009: becomes president of SA

  - 2009: releases his former financial advisor (Shaik) 12.5 yrs early

  - R20 million on his residence and bought his wives 11 cars

  • 2014: Expropriation Act: 30% of land redistributed + banned future foreigners buying it
  • 4 main areas to improve economy

  1. Agriculture- farmer subsidies
  2. Mining: process gold within SA
  3. Manufacturing: get SA's R&D investment to 2% GDP
  4. Tourism
• Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF)

  • 2013: formed by former ANC "leaders": Julius Malema & FLoyd Shivambu
  • Nature: radical, militant, and young movement for economic emancipation
  • "Economic freedom in out lifetimes"
  • Radical leftists who wanted

  1. Expropriation of SA's land (without compensation)
  2. Nationalisation of mines, banks, etc. (without compensation)
  3. Free quality healthcare, education, and sanitation
  4. Developement of SA economic sector to give black SA fair jobs

  Sucess ?

  • Have boycotted Zuma's State of the Nation Adress since 2014
  • Won 8.3% votes in 2016 election
• AWB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging)

  • 1973: founded by Afrikaner nationalists (Eugene Terre'Blanche)
  • Aim: maintain apartheid and white supremacy (Nazi-like)

  Became more militant as SA moved to integration

  1991: Attempt to disrupt NP meeting (3 killed)

  1994: Try to invade Boputhatswana (3 killed)

  1994: Bomb Pretoria and Johannessburg (20 innocent killed)

  2004: Become official far-right party (never win significant seats)

  -> more akin to a child throwing a tantrum than to actual opposition
• Democratic Alliance (DA)

  1989: Formed by merging 3 parties (Wynand Malan)

  • Won seats in 1990 election that led to De Klerk's New Course

  Success ?

  Are the ANC's main oppostition group (22.2% votes in 2014)

  Strong presence in the Western Cape
• Oliver Tambo's impact

  problems (communism, dissent, funds, Zambia & Tanzania relied on SA trade)

  solutions

  1. Coordinate Mk, exiles, and funds
  2. Expell those who dissented form party line
  3. 1978: visited vietnam to learn Guerilla Warfare
  4. Traveled abroad to win international legitemacy