Key Topic 3

• Population growth

  • 1948 - 3/4 SA population lived in rural areas -> 1980: > 50% black SA urban
  • Black SA population grew from 8.5 - 29 million (1951 - 1990)
  • Government extended Bantusatns and doubled pass book conviction (policy of deportation)
  • Population of Bantustans went from 4.2 - 11 million in 20 yrs (1960 - 80)
• Population growth, commuting:

  KwaNdebele

  • Pop growth from 32,000 (1972) to 300,000 (1985)
  • Had to commute 100km, or 6 hrs daily to Pretoria
  • On PUTCO bus (horrible conditions)
• Population growth, Bantusatn boundaries:

  QwaQwa (Sotho) & Thaba Nchu (Tswana & Sotho)

  • Sotho population in Thaba Nchu underfunded (Boputhatswana prefered Tswana)
  • New Bantustan for SOtho: Botshabelo
  • Population from 100,000 - 300,000 (1980 - 85)
• Black society during Apartheid

  + African professionals quadrupled from 1960 to 1980

  + Increased wages

  + Developing culture (Zionist)

  
  

  - Restricted Black political represenation

  - Not high enough wage to be middle class

  - Black SA women encouraged to use skin lightening cream
• Education Improvement by ANC

  -> believed they could desegregate through education

  • spending on white students: * 12 (1980s), * 4 (1993), * 2 (1999)
  • Top English suberb schools had 62% white students
  • Black matriculation pass rates dropped from 40% to 35% (mid 1990s)

  - White had 96% pass rate
• Crime under ANC

  Gang culture flourished (masculinity of resistance + loss of education)

  • 1997: SA had highest murder rate (64 per 100,000)
  • Rape

  - 1998: 52,000 reported cases (3,500 brought to court)

  - Some gangs used rape as initiation

  -> resulted in mass emmigration of white SA (money and skill)
• Culture under ANC

  • Black middle class grew (aaccess to consumer goods)
  • Black Publications (Tribute)
  • Black representation in music (Kwaito)
  • Sport:

  - 1995 Rugby world cup, Mandela wears uniform

  - 2010: Host World Cup
• Economy under ANC

  • Employment Equality Act (1999) - all races represented in workplace

  - only 12% of upper management were Black SA

  • Promised redistribution of land

  - but only 10% after 20 yrs

  * NPs bought more land for Bantustans than ANC ever did*

  • 2 main economic plans

  - RDP (1994)

  - GEAR (1996)
• Sanctions

  ~1962: UN calls for voluntary sanctions (western powers unwilling and undermined)

  *SOWETO Uprising* 1976

  Big bank, Chase Manhatten pulls investment

  ~1977: UN mandatory arms embargo (circumvented through Israel)

  *Rubicorn Speech* 1985

  1986: USA, CAAA sanctions (congress overules Reagan)

  1986: European countries put sanctions on steel and iron (not gold)

  ~1987: Voluntary oil embargo
• Impact of Sanctions

  + Private investments stop (Barclay's bank and General Motors)

  + Increased economic instability (1985: stock exchange closed b/c low rand value)

  + Held SA accountable for its actions (left isolated)

  - Black people lost jobs

  - Only ever cost 0.5% of GDP

  - Stopped short of sanctioning gold (SA's main export)
• Healthcare under NP

  • Private insurance was needed, however Black SA couldn't afford it
  • 95% of Black SA used public healthcare
  • 60% of doctors worked in the private sector

  1. only 1 physician every 91,000 non-white (320 for white)
  2. Infant mortality rate for black SA 20% (2% white)
  3. Life expectancy was 55 yrs (70)

  ~ needed to maintain some dgree of health to hv cheap black labour

  Bantustans:

  • Staff and funding came from Bantustan officials (corrupt)
  • Healthcare not coordinated & specialists couldn't travel
• AIDS Crisis

  SA is the country that has the most severe AIDS epidemic

  Factors that allowed the spread:

  1. Ongoing sturggle with masculinity (rape: 52,000 cases 1998)
  2. Increased mobility of workers
  3. Government indifference (Mandela didn't talk b/c scared to lose elections)
  4. Customs and stigma about sex

  • Volonteer stoned to death after saying she was HIV positive
  • Believed (raping) a virgin of less than 13 yrs would cure you

  By 2002: 4 million infections
• Mbeki and AIDS

  • AIDS denialist - western disease + reports were racist and alarmist
  • Argued there wasn't enough money (should go to resolving poverty)

  - didn't accept free ARVs in 2000

  • Claimed a healthy diet with garlic and olive oil was the cure
  • Fired those who spoke out - Madlala-Routledge
  • Policy didn't shift until Zuma took over, 2006 (ANC lost 10% seats)
• Growth, Employment, and redistribution- GEAR (1996)

  Mbeki's economic policy that moved the ANC towards capitalism

  + Reduction in government expendature (fiscal deficit 2.2%)

  - Mbeki set unrealistic targets to garner support

  - African worker-less household increas by 6% from 1995 - 1999 (32%-38%)

  - Caused division in the SACP / Cosatu alliance
• Reconstruction and Developement Programme - RDP (1994)

  Aimed at resolving the inequalities created by apartheid through jobs, healthcare, and housing

  + By 1998: 500 new clinics gave 5 million ppl access to primary healthcare

  - Life expectancy droppped from 64 to 53

  - AIDS patients took up 40% of beds

  + By 2001: 1.1 million houses eligible for government subsidies built

  - only 30% of houses built by RDP were complient with regulations

  + Employment for over 5 years to 240,000
• Arms spending from 700 million (1974) to 3 billion (1981)