6 MARKERS

• Measuring Reaction Time

  • hold meter ruler above thumb of non-dominant hand
  • drop ruler randomly and without warning
  • participant catches ruler as fast as they can and distance closest to top of thum is recorded in cm
  • a table is used to convert distance into reaction time in seconds
• Measuring decay


  • place 20cm^3 of milk into three beakers
  • label beakers with 3 different temperatures (eg. 5, 20, 35 degrees)
  • use universal indicator to determine pH of milk in each beaker
  • cover each beaker in cling film and incubate at labelled temperature
  • use universal indicator to determine pH of each beaker after 24, 48 and 72 hours
• Genetic engineering

  1. Human insulin gene is located from DNA (can use any cell)
  2. Gene is cut out using restriction enzymes
  3. Plasmid is removed from bacteria and cut with restriction enzyme
  4. Sticky ends of plasmid and insulin gene are complementary
  5. Ligase enzyme is used to join the sticky ends
  6. The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria
  7. The genetically modified bacteria replicates to make more copies
  8. Human insulin is collected from the bacteria and used as medicine
• Selective breeding

  1. Select plants with desirable characteristic e.g. largest fruits
  2. Breed plants together
  3. Select offspring with largest fruits and breed
  4. Repeat for several generations
  5. Over time, the whole population should have large fruits
• Protein synthesis

  1. DNA is too large to leave the nucleus
  2. The gene is copied to produce mRNA (messenger)
  3. This is called Transcription
  4. mRNA leaves the nucleus through holes called nuclear pores
  5. mRNA travels to ribosome in the cytoplasm
  6. Ribosome reads 3 mRNA bases (codon) or (triplet code)
  7. Messenger molecules (RNA) carry amino acids in correct order
  8. Amino acids join to form a protein