(RWS) QA 2ND SEM

• Logical Fallacies


  Errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument
• Logical Fallacies

  1. False Dilemma
  2. Slippery Slope
  3. Appeal to Force
  4. Appeal to Pity
  5. Bandwagon
  6. Attacking the Person
  7. Anonymous Authority
  8. Hasty Generalization
  9. Post Hoc
  10. Denying the Atecedent
• False Dilemma


  When an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities.

  Ex: Either I go to college or I ended up jobless
• Slippery Slope


  Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn

  Ex: You lost your pen, you die
• Appeal to Force


  Occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used

  Ex: If you do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group.
• Appeal to Pity


  Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning

  Ex: Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a special child to support
• Bandwagon


  Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks

  Ex: Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they think they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty.
• Attacking the Person


  Occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument

  Ex: I cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard University.
• Anonymous Authority


  The authority in question is not mentioned or named

  Ex: Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples.
• Hasty Generalization


  Occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population

  Ex: Martha, the foreigner from France, is very impolite. French people are mean and rude.
• Post Hoc


  Occurs when the arguer claims that since event A happened before event B, A is the cause of the B

  Ex: Dina saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident
• Denying the Atecedent


  Occurs when an argument contradicts one another

  Ex: If you are drinking wine, you have a problem. Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you do not have a problem.
• Claims


  synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or stand.
• Types of Claims

  1. Claim of Fact
  2. Claim of Value
  3. Claim of Policy
• Patterns of Development

  • refers to the logical arrangement of ideas.
  • patterns help you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
• Patterns of Development

  1. Narration
  2. Definition
  3. Description
  4. Cause and Effect
  5. Comparison and Contrast
  6. Exemplification/Classification
  7. Problem-solution
  8. Persuasion
• Narration

  • Follows a chronological order of writing.Some narratives simply tell what happened or establish an interesting or useful fact
• Description (Sensory&Spatial)

  • Sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses.
  • Spatial pattern, arranges ideas by location or physical space.
• Definition

  • Definition is used to give derivation of a word, to tell the component parts of something, to explain word or expression, and to define a concept.
  • Answers the question “What does it mean?”
• Formal Definition


  definitions provided in dictionaries
• Informal definition

  Based on context

  1. Operational Definitions - give the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place.
  2. Synonyms - words that mean the same as another word.
  3. Denotation - is the exact meaning of the word.
  4. Connotation - is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing.
  5. Definition Paragraph - is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph.
• Comparison and Contrast

  • A comparison-contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar to or different from one another.
  • Comparison examines how subjects are similar, while contrast emphasizes how subjects are different
• Cause and Effect

  • A cause-and-effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon.
  • This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the effects only.
• Problem-Solution

  • The problem section usually includes the what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem.
  • The other part then presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solution to address it, as well as the steps in implementing the solution.
• Persuasion

  • Organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
  • This pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position.
• Dayagbil

  • A well-organized piece of writing is not only clear but also logical and aesthetic.
  • Existence of organizational markers and coherent flow of ideas are typically the focus in evaluation of writing.
• Properties of A Well-written text

  1. Organization
  2. Coherence and Cohesion
  3. Language Use
  4. Mechanics
• Organization

  • Organization is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
  • Part of an Essay: Introduction, Body and Conclusion
• Coherence and Cohesion

  • Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through well-defended and organized points.
  • Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas.
• Language Use


  This refers to the appropriateness of word usage and is known to be one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text.
• Levels of Language Use

  1. Informal/ Personal – refers to slang, local expressions, text messaging like hey, bes, yow.
  2. Standard/Academic – these are widely accepted words and phrases found in dictionaries, books, and etc.
  3. Business/Technical – refers to jargons of specific disciplines like scientific terms and special expressions.
• Principles in Writing to Achieve Effective Language Use

  1. Use clear and concise sentences.
  2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clinches, and high falutin language.
  3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structure.
  4. Use precise vocabulary.
  5. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.
  6. Avoid sexist language.
  7. Use the appropriate level of formality.
• Mechanics


  Technical aspect of writing.

  
  

  It is characterized as a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a composition. In academic and more formal texts, the following should be observed.
• Mechanics in Writing

  1. Always use Standard English.
  2. Avoid contractions (e.g., shouldn’t).
  3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.
  4. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention.
  5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.
  6. Citations
• Two Kinds of Information

  1. Explicit Information
  2. Implicit Information
• Explicit Information


  It refers to information found or read in the text. The meaning is not vague; no further explanation is needed.
• Implicit Information

  • It refers to information not directly stated in the text.
  • Readers need to read between the lines to understand the details that the writer is trying to tell
• Context


  Is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and form the terms from which it can be understood and evaluated.
• Context in Text Development


  A connection of written or spoken text that instantly links with a word or passage that clarifies its meaning.
• Ted Nelson


  Coined the term Hypertext in 1963