questions

• discuss the positive and negatives of kidney failure treatments

  kidney failure - no longer move sufficient urea out of the body

  kidney dialysis - patients blood and dialysis machine seperated via semi permeable memebrasne,doesn't contain waste products and large molecules can fit through,requires regular visits to the hospital

  kidney transplant - healthy kidney is donated to replace a fauly kidney

  may not be enough donors,requires frequent visits to the hospital,immunosuprssent drugs needed
• effects of type 2 diabetes

  • cells become resistant to insulin so blood glucose levels increase as liver glucose can no longer be converted into glycogen
• How does a lot of amino acids lead to a high concentration of urea

  • liver breaks down waste into urea
  • urea travels through the kidneys and enters the nephrons
  • forced out of the glomerulus at high pressure into the bowman's capsule
  • urea isn't selectively reabsorbed
  • urine has high concentration of urea
• what happens to urea in the machine

  • urea moves out of the blood into the machine via diffusion
• How are unwanted substances moved out the body

  • move out of the body via diffusion down a concentration gradient and fresh dialysis fluid is pumped so it's maintained
• why are siblings used for kidney donation

  • they both have protein in their blood
• how does temperature increase oxygen consumtion

  • increases enzyme control reactions
  • increases respiration
  • more oxygen required
• why does a kangaroo need a longer loop of helene

  • leaves in a deserted area so needs to retain water for longer
• explain ficks law

  • rate of diffusion is proportional to surface areaconcentration gradient but inversely proportional to it's membrane
  • surface area more molecules can move across a certain point faster stop increasing the rate of diffusion
  • concentration gradient the steeper it is the more molecules inside than outside there outside quicker rate of diffusion
  • thickness of the membrane as the thickness of membrane increases so does the diffusion distance
• How are white blood cells adapted to their function

  • white blood cells are adapted to their function as they have a nucleus to kae antibodiew
  • have receptors to recognises pathogens
• How is the structure of the heart related to it's function

  • contain valves with stop backflow
  • ventricles which pumps blood out of the heart
  • right ventricle is thinner as it only pumps blood to the lungs
  • left is thicker as it pumps blood around the body
• how does ivf improve fertility

  • fertlisation outside the body
  • inserted in uterus
  • allows pregnancy even if fallopen tubes are blocked