Livi Made

• What is Lactose Intolerance?

  A condition where the body is unable to digest lactose because the body does not have enough of the enzyme lactase to break the lactose down into simple sugars
• What is Gluten Intolerance?


  The body's inability to digest gluten protein, found in wheat and other grains
• What is anaphylaxis 


  A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
• Food Allergy


  The body's immune system reacting to a foreign substance
• What causes a food allergy

  The immune system produces anti-bodies to fight against the allergen
• Food intolerance


  A chemical reaction that occurs when a particular food or drink is consumed
• Cause of food intolerance

  Absence of an enzyme needed to fully digest the food
• Difference between food allergy and intolerance


  Allergy symptoms occur immediately after eating whereas intolerance symptoms occur after a few hours.
• Digestion


  the process of breaking down food into smaller substances
• Absorption


  how the nutrients are absorbed by the digestive system
• Utilisation


  how the body uses nutrients
• What is the gut


  referring specifically to the gastrointestinal system, which includes the stomach, small intestine and colon
• mechanical digestion


  involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles
• chemical digestion


  the breaking down of food, through the action of enzymes into small molecules
• Enzymatic hydrolysis


  the process in which enzymes, with the incorporation of a water molecule, break the chemical bonds that hold macronutrients together
• peristalsis 


  the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles that move food through the digestive tract
• enzymes


  enzymes create chemical reactions, including breaking down food particles during digestion
• tongues role in mechanical digestion

  the tongue pushes the bolus into your pharynx for swallowing
• salivary glands role in mechanical digestion

  moistens food with saliva which contains salivary amylase, helping the food breakdown
• Liver's role in mechanical digestion

  produces bile
• name the accessory organs

  tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
• Gallblader's role in mechanical digestion


  Stores and releases bile into the small intestine.
• How does the salivary glands chemically digest carbohydrates

  Amylase in the saliva breaks down starches and disaccharides into dextrins and monosaccharides.
• How does the salivary glands chemically digest fat

  Lingual lipase is released by saliva to break down fat but does not begin to work until it reaches the stomach
• How does the stomach chemically digest protein?

  Lining of the stomach produces and stores pepsinogen. 

  - Pepsinogen is released into the stomach and mixes with hydrochloric acid, converting it to pepsin.

  - Pepsin begins the breakdown of protein into amino acids
• How does the stomach chemically digest fat?

  Acid in the stomach activates lingual lipase and is joined by gastric lipase released in the stomach, beginning fat digestion
• How does the stomach chemically digest carbohydrates

  The acidic environment in the stomach inactivates salivary amylase.
• stomach's role in chemical digestion

  Gastric juices secreted by the stomach contain acid and enzymes that digest protein and fat.
• How does the liver chemically digest fat

  Converts fats into soluble fats
• How does the pancreas chemically digest fat

  Pancreatic lipase is released to the duodenum
• How does the pancreas chemically digest protein

  Pancreatic juice containing protease enzymes is released to duodenum.
• How does the pancreas chemically digest carbohydrates

  Pancreatic amylase is released to the duodenum.
• How does the small intestine (duodenum) chemically digest fat

  Chyme enters from the stomach and mixes with bile. Fat emulsification occurs. Bile with pancreatic lipase further breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into the bloodstream.
• How does the small intestine (duodenum) chemically digest carbohydrates

  Pancreatic juices contain amylases that break down into simple sugars
• How does the small intestine (jejunum) chemically digest fat

  Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the villi and mix with lymphatic fluid, moving around the body in the lymphatic system and join blood circulation as insoluble fats
• How does the small intestine (jejunum) chemically digest carbohydrates

  Villi absorbs monosaccharides such as glucose into the blood capillaries and then into the bloodstream via veins and arteries
• How does the small intestine (jejunum) chemically digest protein

  Absorption of amino acids via villi to the bloodstream to transport as needed
• Where does absorption of carbohydrates occur

  the small intestine, in the duodenum
• Where does absorption of protein occur

  the small intestine, moving the amino acids from the villi to the bloodstream, which then transports the amino acids to the cells in the body as needed
• Where does absorption of fat occur

  the villi of the small intestine