explanations

• What does Differential Association Theory (DAT) suggest about offending?

  • Offending is learned through relationships
  • It contrasts with biological accounts of crime
• What does DAT propose about how individuals learn offending behavior?

  • Through association and interaction with others
  • Values, attitudes, techniques, and motives are learned
• What do cognitive theories fail to predict about offender behavior?

  They do not predict future offender behavior
• What does Differential Association Theory (DAT) suggest about offending?

  Offending is learned through relationships
• How does DAT differ from biological accounts of offending?

  DAT emphasizes learned behavior over genetics
• Who proposed Differential Association Theory?

  Sutherland
• What is a key principle of Sutherland's theory?

  Conditions causing crime should be present when crime is
• Why is DAT considered a strength in explaining crime across social classes?

  It applies to all social classes, not just lower
• What two factors does DAT suggest are learned in offending behavior?

  Learning attitudes and learning techniques
• What happens when pro-criminal attitudes outweigh anti-criminal attitudes?

  The individual is likely to offend
• How might a would-be offender learn techniques for committing crimes?

  Through observation and imitation of others
• What does Sutherland's theory explain about reoffending after prison?

  Prisoners learn techniques from other offenders
• How did DAT change the focus of offending explanations?

  It shifted focus from biology to social circumstances
• What is a realistic solution to offending according to DAT?

  Addressing deviant social circumstances
• How does DAT apply to white-collar crime?

  It explains crime in affluent social groups
• What is a limitation of testing Differential Association Theory?

  Many concepts are not testable or operationalized
• What does the assumption of pro-crime values in DAT imply?

  Offending occurs when pro-crime values dominate
• How does DAT explain the nature vs. nurture debate?

  It emphasizes learned behavior through socialization
• What is the role of the family in offending behavior according to DAT?

  Family influences values and attitudes towards crime
• What is the personality type associated with Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory?

  Affectionless psychopathy
• What did Bowlby argue about early childhood relationships?

  They are crucial for mental health and behavior
• What was the conclusion of Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves study?

  Maternal deprivation caused affectionless behavior
• What did Goreta's research support in the psychodynamic approach?

  The link between superego disturbances and offending
• What is a limitation of Freud's theory regarding gender bias?

  It suggests women have weaker superegos
• What did Hilda Lewis find about maternal deprivation and offending?

  It was a poor predictor of future offending
• What is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach regarding scientific rigor?

  Many concepts cannot be empirically tested
• What did Popper label the psychodynamic approach?

  Pseudoscience