II. Models of Communication

• Communication Models


  These are systematic representations of the process which help in

  understanding how communication is done.
• Communication Models form general perspectives on communication by breaking it from complex to simple and keep components in order.
• The 3 Models of Communication:

  • Linear Communication Model: Shannon-Weaver, Lasswell's, Aristotle's, and David Berlo's
  • Interactional/Interactive Model: Schramm's
  • Transactional Model: Barlund's
• Linear Communication Model 



  It is a unilateral, asymmetric flow of information and considered as a one-way process where the sender is the only source of the message.
• Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)


  It is the mother of all communication models, consisting of 5 elements

  but lacks one essential element which is feedback.
• Lasswell's Communication Model (1948)

  • This model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell.
  • The most influential communication model
  • It is also known as action model.
• Aristotle's Model of Communication

  • First and earliest linear model
  • More focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication
  • Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking.

   
• David Berlo's Model

  • Takes into account the emotional aspect of the message
  • Follows the SMCR (Source, Message, Channel, Receiver) model
  • It is composed of several factors under each element
• David Berlo's Model shows that certain factors in every element affect the communication process.
• Interactional/Interactive Model 


  It is a bilateral and symmetric exchange of meaning. It deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender and receiver and vice-versa.
• Interactional Model is also known as convergence model.
• Interactional Model 


  It is a relatively new model of communication for new technologies like web.
• Schramm's Model


  This model claims that communication can take place if and only if the participants in

  the communication process have overlapping fields of experience.
• Wilbrum Schramm

  He is known as the Father of Mass Communication.
• Transactional Model of Communication


  This involves the exchange of messages between the sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving messages.
• Transactional Model


  In this model, both sender and receiver are known as communicators.
• Transactional model is also called circular model of communication and is used for interpersonal communication.
• Barnlund's Transactional Model 


  Articulates that sending and receiving of messages happens simultaneously between people.
• Barnlund's Model states that giving and receiving messages is reciprocal and both communicators are responsible of the effect and

  effectiveness of the communication.
• In Barnlund's Transactional Model, there is a need to build a shared meaning of the message.
• In Barnlund's Model, verbal and non-verbal behavioural cues, the environmental and noise are a part of the message.
• Transmission Model

  • linear information flow

  Interactional Model

  • circular two-way exchange

  Transactional Model

  • simultaneous meaning-making