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• mess where’s are sent through..

  • electrical system (nervous system) via neurones
  • OR
  • chemical messengers in blood (endocrine system)
• • nervous system is faster
  • neurones effects are short lived compared to hormones
  • nerves act on specific area, hormones act over a general area
• hormone: chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland & travels in blood until it binds to target cell
• | endocrine system

  1. pituitary gland- master gland: gives off hormones activates other glands
  2. thyroid gland: makes thyroxine which controls metabolic rate
  3. adrenal gland- adrenaline which increases heart rate & respiration to make energy
  4. testes & ovaries: sexual development
  5. pancreas secretes insulin or glucagon to control glucose levels
• | thyroxine

  1. pituitary gland releases TSH
  2. TSH stimulated thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
  3. TSH causes thyroxine levels to rise
  4. Thyroxine inhibits pituitary gland from producing more TSH
  5. TSH levels fall, thyroxine return to normal
• | high glucose levels

  1. after meal, lots of glucose in blood
  2. pancreas releases insulin
  3. insulin travel to liver
  4. liver absorbs glucose
  5. glucose is stored as glycogen
  6. glucose returns to normal
• | low glucose levels

  1. Glucagon released from pancreas
  2. Glucagon travels to liver
  3. Break glycogen into glucose
• | diabetes

  • type 1: pancreas can’t make insulin, genetic, treated by injecting insulin into blood
  • type 2: unresponsive liver, exercise, diet with less sugar
• | menstrual cycle

  • happens every 28 days
• | menstrual cycle

  1. FSH
  2. Oestrogen
  3. LH
  4. Progesterone
• | menstrual cycle

  1. FSH made by pituitary gland & travels to ovaries
  2. FSH stimulates follicle to grow into egg & produce oestrogen
  3. Oestrogen makes line thicker & makes LH instead of FSH
  4. LH travels to ovaries
  5. LH stimulates ovaries to release mature egg into fallopian tube
  6. Progesterone maintains uterus lining for 2 weeks
• | contraception

  1. hormones:

  • prevents FSH so eggs can’t develop
  • or progesterone tablets to produce thick mucus so sperm cant reach

  1. patch (short term), implant under skin (1 year), Injection (few months), IUD: prevents sperm survival
  2. barrier
  3. sterilisation: cut tube or ducts
• | nervous system
• | nervous system

  1. stimulus: change in environment
  2. Receptor: stimulus to electrical signal
  3. sensory: carries impulse to CNS
  4. relay: connects sensory & motor
  5. motor: carries impulse to effector
  6. effector: muscle or gland
  7. response
• • synapse is connection between neurones
• | synapses

  1. electrical impulse arrives at end of first neurone
  2. causes neurotransmitters to release
  3. diffuses across gap
  4. bind to receptors on next neuron
  5. new impulse generated
• | nervous system

  • drugs affect speed of impulses by affecting synapses
• | ruler drop test

  1. drop ruler & catch quickly
  2. drink caffeine & wait
  3. record distance ruler dropped & repeat to get average

  • fair test: use same hand, drop ruler from same height & position