alternate evidence (weakness)

• What is the source of the alternate evidence mentioned?

  Mowrer (1947)
• What are the two process models explained in Mowrer's alternate evidence?

  1. Classical conditioning
  2. Operant conditioning
• What is the first stage of the process model?

  Classical conditioning
• What does classical conditioning involve?

  Conditioning through association of stimuli
• What is the second stage of the process model?

  Operant conditioning
• What does operant conditioning involve?

  Conditioning through reinforcement or punishment
• How do classical and operant conditioning differ in terms of learning?

  • Classical conditioning: Learning through association
  • Operant conditioning: Learning through consequences (reinforcement/punishment)
• What is the classical conditioning outcome related to fears?

  Fears are acquired
• What is the operant conditioning outcome related to fears?

  Fears are maintained
• What are the implications of classical and operant conditioning on behavior?

  • Classical conditioning: Fears can be learned
  • Operant conditioning: Fears can persist through reinforcement
• How do positive and negative reinforcement relate to operant conditioning?

  They influence the maintenance of fears
• What is the role of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

  It maintains behavior
• What is the effect of negative reinforcement in the context of fears?

  It can lead to avoidance behavior