Amount of substance, Acids and Redox

• what is amount of substance measured in?

  moles (mol)
• Avogadro's constant


  6.02x10^23
• How to work out the number of atoms in a sample?

  mol x avogadros constant
• moles in a volume of gas formula

  n=volume(dm^3)/24

  n=volume(cm^3)/24000
• Ideal Gas Equation

  pV=nRT
• p in ideal gas equation

  pressure (Pa)
• V in ideal gas equation

  Volume (m^3)
• T in ideal gas equation

  Temperature (K)
• concentration, volume and moles equation


  n = c x v (dm^3)

  n = c x v (cm^3)/ 1000
• Nitrate formula


  NO3-
• Carbonate formula


  CO3 2-
• Sulfate formula

  SO4 2-
• Ammonium formula


  NH4+
• Acid definition

  Proton doner
• Base definition

  Proton acceptor
• Nitric acid formula

  HNO3
• Ammonia formula


  NH3
• Strong acid

  An acid that completely dissociates in solution- Lots of H+ released
• Weak acid

  Acid that partially dissociates in solution- a few H+ ions released
• Strong Base


  Base that completely dissociates in solution- lots of OH- released
• Weak Base


  Base that partially dissociates in solution- small amount of OH- released
• Acid + Base -->


  Salt + Water
• Metal + Acid -->

  Salt + Hydrogen
• Metal Oxide + Acid -->


  Salt + Water
• Metal Hydroxide + Acid -->

  Salt + Water
• Metal Carbonate + Acid -->

  Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
• What is a salt?

  a compound that is produced when hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions
• Percentage Yield

  actual yield/theoretical yield x 100
• Atom economy


  (Molecular mass of desired products/ Molecular mass of all products) x 100
• Oxidation


  Loss of electrons
• Reduction

  Gain of electrons
• Oxidising agent


  Oxidising agents accept electrons and become REDUCED.
• Reducing agent

  Reducing agents lose electrons and become OXIDISED.
• Preparing a 250cm3 standard solution

  1. Record the mass of solid to 2 decimal places using a balance

  2. Dissolve the solid in a small amount of distilled water. Make sure to transfer any washings from the weighing boat into the beaker

  3. Use a funnel to transfer the solution to a 250cm3 volumetric flask

  4. Transfer any washings from the beaker into the volumetric flask solution

  5. Make up to the mark using distilled water so that the meniscus sits on the line on the neck of the flask. This is best achieved using a dropping pipette

  6. Stopper and invert the flask