topic two biology

Subdecks (18)

Cards (268)

  • Co-stimulation

    Interaction between CD80/86 on antigen presenting cells and CD28 on T cells
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • HIV
    Retrovirus that attacks and destroys CD4+ T helper cells
  • There are two main types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being more common and widespread
  • Maternal-fetal immune tolerance

    The placenta acts as a barrier and the mother's immune system becomes suppressed during pregnancy to prevent rejection of the fetus
  • Autoimmune diseases

    Conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
  • Organ transplant rejection
    1. Donor and recipient tissues are matched for compatibility
    2. Immunosuppressant drugs are used to prevent rejection
  • Blood transfusion compatibility
    Blood types must be matched to prevent antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
  • Complications of hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) include hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hemoglobinemia, and kidney damage
  • Humoral immunity

    Immunity mediated by antibodies secreted into body fluids
  • Cellular immunity

    Immunity mediated by T lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy target cells
  • Antigen
    A piece of a foreign invader (e.g. bacteria) that the immune system recognizes
  • Antigen presenting cell

    A cell that displays an antigen on its surface to be recognized by lymphocytes
  • MHC
    A molecule on the surface of antigen presenting cells that displays the antigen
  • B lymphocyte

    A lymphocyte that can differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
  • T lymphocyte

    A lymphocyte that directly attacks and destroys target cells
  • T helper lymphocyte

    A T lymphocyte that helps activate and coordinate the immune response
  • T cytotoxic lymphocyte

    A T lymphocyte that directly kills target cells
  • T regulatory lymphocyte

    A T lymphocyte that suppresses immune responses to prevent autoimmunity
  • Antibody
    An immunoglobulin molecule secreted by plasma cells that binds to and neutralizes antigens
  • Types of antibodies

    • IgM
    • IgA
    • IgG
    • IgE
    • IgD
  • IgM
    • Large, cannot cross placenta, good at activating complement
  • IgG
    • Most abundant, small, crosses placenta, opsonizes bacteria, activates complement
  • IgA
    • Found in mucous membranes, first line of defense
  • IgE
    • Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites
  • IgD
    • Function unknown, produced first on naive B cells
  • Primary immune response
    Involves IgM antibodies
  • Secondary immune response
    Involves IgG antibodies
  • Lymphoid stem cells give rise to T and B lymphocytes
  • Naive B cells can differentiate into memory B cells or plasma cells
  • Plasma cells secrete antibodies
  • has invaded what's that fungus i'll destroy the fungus face to face baby self-mediated immunity what is this cancer i'll try to kill it face to face i am not secreting any antibodies into any fluids this is not who i am
  • B lymphocytes
    They grow in the bone marrow and in birds they mature in the bursts of fabricious
  • T lymphocytes
    They mature in the thymus gland
  • Types of T lymphocytes

    • T helper
    • T cytotoxic
  • T cytotoxic
    Toxic through the cell, can destroy fungus cell, cancer cell, virus infected cell
  • T helper

    Helps all kinds of cells, helps T cytotoxic, helps T suppressor/regulatory, helps B lymphocytes
  • T suppressor/regulatory cells

    Prevents T cytotoxic from killing your own cells, tells T cytotoxic to attack foreigners not self
  • If there are problems with T regulatory/suppressor cells, T lymphocytes will attack your own cells leading to autoimmune diseases like lupus
  • Antigen
    A foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response