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• Research


  A process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to answer questions
• Characteristics of good research

  • Systematic
  • Controlled
  • Rigorous
  • Valid and verifiable
  • Empirical
  • Critical
• Researchers have obligations to adhere to professional standards in conducting research to avoid unethical practices
• Ethical research writing

  • Clear
  • Accurate
  • Just
  • Authentic
• Characteristics of Research

  • Empirical
  • Logical
  • Cyclical
  • Analytical
  • Critical
  • Methodical
  • Replicability
• The Seven Steps of the Research Process


  1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem)

  2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature)

  3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology)

  4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data Gathering Activities)

  5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research)

  6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations

  7. Define new problem
• Research ethics


  Guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard
• Ethical considerations in conducting research


  • Objectivity and integrity
  • Respect of the research subjects' right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm
  • Presentation of research findings
  • Misuse of research role
  • Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
  • Distortions of findings by sponsor
• Ethics in research

  • Informed Consent
  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Carefulness
  • Openness
  • Respect for Intellectual Property
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible Mentoring
  • Responsible Publication
  • Respect for Colleagues
  • Social responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Competence
  • Legality
  • Animal Care
  • Human Subjects protection
• Rights of Research Participants

  • Human Rights
  • Intellectual Property
  • Copyright Infringement
  • Voluntary Participation
  • Anonymity
  • Privacy
• Research Misconduct


  Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism
• Plagiarism


  The act of using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit