STS FINALS 01

• Plato

  • For him the task of understanding the things in the world runs parallel with the job of truly getting into what will make the soul flourish.
  • In an attempt to understand reality and the external world, man must seek to understand himself, too. 
• Aristotle - he gave a definitive distinction between the theoretical and practical sciences. 
• theoretical disciplines of Aristotle :

  • logic, biology, physics, and metaphysics,
• "truth" is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the "good" is the end goal of the practical ones.
• Aristotle

  • It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality from a "scientific" lens as we know now, is also the first thinker who dabbled into the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness.
• For Plato, change is so perplexing that it can only make sense if there are two realities: .

  world of matter

  world of forms
• world of matter, things are changing and impermanent
• In the world of forms, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities
•  purpose in greek word is telos
• John Stuart Mill

  • declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying that an action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people.
• The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece: Democritus and Leucippus
• MATERIALISM

  • a school of thought whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds
• For Democritus and his disciples, the world, including human beings, is made up of matter
• Materialism  - is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things
• Hedonism 

  • The _ , for their part, see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always been the priority of hedonists. 
  • For them, life is ab\out obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. 
• The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die." Led by Epicurus
• led by Epicurus, the stoics espoused the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic
• Stoicism 

  a school of thought that idea is that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
• The original term, apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent.
• Theism

  • School of thought where the world where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of God.
• • THEIST - GOD BELIEVER 
  • ATHEIST - NON-GOD BELIEVER
• Humanism 

  _ as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls.
• TRUTH - THEORITICAL SCIENCES
• GOOD - PRACTICAL SCIENCES
• Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the - "good"
• Rightly so, one must find the truth about what the good is before one can even try to locate that which is good.
• ATOMOS OR SEEDS
• Among the practical ones, Aristotle counted ethics and politics.