21st century

• 21st Century literature


  • New literary works created within the last decade
  • Written by Contemporary authors
  • Authors often break traditional writing
• 21st century reader


  • Uses technology as a primary learning tool
  • Capable of navigating and digital interpreting digital formats and digital messages
  • Possesses literary skills
• Bob Ong


  • Contemporary Filipino author born in 1975 in Quezon City
  • Known for his pseudonym "Bob Ong" and conversational writing technique which creates humorous and reflective depictions of Philippine life
• Ricky Lee


  • Filipino screenwriter, journalist, novelist, and playwright
  • Has written more than 180 film screenplays, earning over 70 trophies from various award-giving bodies, including 3 life achievement awards
  • Notable works include screenplays for acclaimed films like "Himala", "Jose Rizal", "The Flor Contemplacion Story", "Muro Ami", and "Deathrow"
  • His two short stories, "Huwag mong Kukuwentuhan ang Batang si Hweng Fu" and "Servando Magdamag" won first prize at the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
• Graphic Novel


  A novel presented in sequential art format, like a comic book
• Graphic Novels


  • Trese: High Tide at Midnight
  • Ang Mundo ni Andong Agimat
• Hyper-poetry


  Works of verse that could not be presented without a computer, including verse with links, poetry generators, and poetry with movement or images
• Speculative Fiction


  A genre of fiction with settings other than our current knowledge of reality, such as dystopian, supernatural, surrealism, and other imagined elements
• Speculative Fiction stories in English by Filipino writer

  • Ian Rosales Casocot from Dumaguete: The Sugilanon of Epefania's Heartbreak
• Flash Fiction


  A style of fictional literature of extreme brevity, ranging from a word to a thousand
• Flash Fiction


  • Bettina by Gémino H. Abad
• Textula


  A poetry genre mastered by Frank Rivera, where entire poems are written and read on mobile phones, tracing its origins to the traditional Tagalog form of poetry called Tanaga
• Chick Lit


  A modern genre of stories written by women, about women, or for women to read, addressing issues of modern womanhood often humorously and light-heartedly, and typically featuring a female protagonist whose femininity is heavily emphasized in the plot
• Spoken Words


  A performance art that is word-based, focusing on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and voice inflection
• Instapoetry


  Poetry shared on Instagram, often by women, ethnic minorities, or immigrant backgrounds
• Blog (Lit-blog or Literary Blog)


  A blog that focuses primarily on the topic of literature, where authors cover a variety of literary topics such as fiction, nonfiction, poetry, the publishing industry, literary journals, and literary criticism
• FlipTop or FlipTop Battle


  The Philippines' premier rap battle contest joined by underground and amateur rappers, sometimes described as a modern-day Balagtasan where two rappers are pitted against each other in a battle of acapella rap
• Instapoetry


  The poetry shared on Instagram. Majority of the Instapoets are, if not women, then openly feminist, and come from ethnic minorities or immigrant backgrounds.
• Blog


  (alternate: lit-blog or literary blog) is a blog that focuses primarily on the topic of literature. There is a community of litblogs in the blogosphere whose authors cover a variety of literary topics.
• Litbloggers


  Authors of litblogs who write about fiction, nonfiction, poetry, the publishing industry, literary journals, literary criticism, and more.
• FlipTop or FlipTop Battle


  The Philippines' premier rap battle contest joined by underground and amateur rappers. FlipTop is sometimes described as a modern day Balagtasan, where two rappers are pitted against each other in a battle of acapella rap.
• Context


  The circumstances that form the setting of events, statements, or ideas and in the way of which it can be fully understood and assessed. Reading a literary piece may contribute to the production of the author and the reception of the reader as they appreciate and explore.
• Why does context matter?

  • Context adds richness to a work of literature and helps to truly engage readers in the text
  • Context is important to writers and readers alike
  • It is essential to accurately conveying the message of writers, and understanding the context by readers through the meaning of a work of writing
• Examples of Context


  • Writer's context
  • Reader's context
  • Text's context
  • Social context
  • Cultural context
• Example: [Novel: Noli Me Tangere by Dr. Jose Rizal]


  • Writer's Context
  • Reader's Context
  • Text's Context
  • Social Context
  • Cultural Context
• Imagery


  Is used to create/creating a picture in the reader's mind by using words that appeal to the senses
• 3 Types of Imagery

  • Visual imagery
  • Auditory imagery
  • Kinesthetic imagery
• Symbolisms


  Words representing the actual things we are pertaining to; can be used in poetry and stories
• Common Examples of Literary Techniques

  • Imagery
  • Simile and Metaphor
  • Hyperbole
  • Personification
  • Alliteration
  • Irony
• Textual Analysis


  Process of examining a written work to understand its meaning and structure. Involves breaking down the work into individual components such as language, literary devices, themes, and context.
• Explicit Information


  Information that is clearly stated and directly presented to the reader or listener; it is straightforward and easy to understand, without any need for interpretation or inference.
• Techniques for Explicit Information

  • Summarizing
  • Paraphrasing
  • Outlining
  • Words and Concepts
• Implicit Information


  Information that is not explicitly stated or expressed in a text, but rather implied or hinted at. It requires the reader to draw conclusions or make inferences based on the context and the author's use of language.
• Techniques for Implicit Information

  • Identifying Tone
  • Considering Context
  • Recognizing Themes
  • Making Inferences