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• DRYOPITHECUS: resemblance of teeth, apes, debunked years ago
• RAMAPITHECUS: more developed than the Dryopithecus, found in the Siwalik Hills 14 billion years ago
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS: first ape-form ancestor to be considered as hominid
• HOMO HABILIS: man of skill (handy man), uses stone tools, Mary and Louis Leakey in Tanzania
• HOMO ERECTUS: upright man, cave dwellers, fire
• HOMO SAPIENS: same size of skull, neanderthal; Ice Age, hunters
• HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN: modern day human
• NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION): changes in the lifestyles of people. Small nomadic bands of hunter-gatherer to large agricultural settlements.
• The NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION appeared in Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) and was coined by Vere Gordon Childe (1935) as the 'cultivation of lands.'
• CAUSES OF NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION:

  1. Earth entered a warming tent
  2. Cereals and wheat
  3. Intellectual advances
  4. Farming
• CATALHOYUK: the best preserved settlement in Turkey, with approximately 8,000 residents.
• PLANTS -- MESOPOTAMIA: Emmer Wheat, Einkorn Wheat, Barley
• PLANTS -- ASIA: Rice
• PLANTS -- MEXICO: Squash
• CIVILIZATION: complex society that creates agricultural surpluses which allows specialized labor, social hierarchy and the establishment of cities
• What do civilizations have in common?

  1. CITIES
  2. STATE
  3. RELIGION
  4. POLITICS
  5. WRITING
• CITIES: center
• STATE: organized community under a single political structure
• RELIGION: unified by religion
• POLITICS: political leaders were also spiritual leaders
• CUNEIFORM: first system of writing
• ORACLE BONE INSCRIPTION: China during the Shang Dynasty, was used to predict the future
• SOCIALIZATION -- lifelong process of interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills
• ENCULTURATION -- you learn the cultural symbols, values, norms, just by interacting or observing
• 4 TYPES OF IDENTITY --

  • CULTURAL IDENTITY: sense of belongingness
  • ETHNIC IDENTITY: depending on ethnicity or race
  • NATIONAL IDENTITY: where you reside
  • RELIGIOUS IDENTITY: beliefs and practices
• STATUS -- pertains to the position you hold in a society

  • ASCRIBED: since birth
  • ACHIEVED: self-made
• ROLE -- expected behavior of someone who holds a status
• ROLE STRAIN -- conflict with 2 or more roles

  • NORMS: rules that guides the behavior of the society
  • VALUES: culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is good, beautiful and desirable
• CONFORMITY -- acceptance of cultural goals
• DEVIANCE -- violate the rules, norms and standards

  • ritualism
  • retreatism
  • rebellion
  • innovation
• SOCIAL CONTROL -- teaching, persuading, forcing someone to comply

  • gossip
  • social ostracism
  • law
  • reward and punishment