Covalent bonding

• • Non-metals have to receive electrons to fill their outer electrons.
  • Occurs between non-metals
  • Atoms share their outer electrons to have full outer shells
  • Shared electrons
• Atoms with covalent bonds are held together by electrostatic forces between the nuclei and the shared electrons
• Double covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons. (double bonds)
• • Poor conductors of electricity (-neutral overall)
  • Weak attractors of other molecules so don't need a lot of energy to break apart structures and have low boiling points
• Co-ordinate bonding (Dative covalent)


  When one atom provides both electrons instead of one donated each.

  The atom that accepts the electron pair, is electron deficient

  The atom that is donating the electrons has a pair of electrons that is not in a bond, called a lone pair.

  Co-ordinate bonds have the same strength and length as a normal covalent bond between the same atoms