Translation

• mRNA


  RNA used as template in synthesizing proteins
• tRNA


  RNA that carries the amino acid based on the codon
• Ribosome


  Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis
• Small Ribosomal Unit


  Where the mRNA is placed for protein synthesis
• Large Ribosomal Unit


  Carries the EPA site
• E site (Exit Site)

  Ribosomal site where the tRNA's exiting site was used after delivering the amino acid
• P site (Peptidyl Site)

  Ribosomal site where amino acids are chained
• A site (Aminoacyl Site)

  Ribosomal site where the next tRNA is received
• Codon Chart


  Shows all possible three-letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides and the amino acid for which each combination codes
• Initiation


  1. The tRNA carrying methionine attaches to the small ribosomal subunit

  2. The mRNA shall be binding with the small ribosomal unit that holds the starting tRNA holding the first amino acid

  3. The large ribosomal subunit joins and contains three units (EPA units)

  4. The P unit is where the initiator tRNA (UAC) will always be bound
• AUG will always be the first mRNA codon to be translated
• The UAC is the tRNA, which shall only deliver AUG's translating amino acid, METHIONINE (MET)
• Elongation


  1. The starting amino acid (Methionine) has formed a starting bond on the P site

  2. The "A" SITE accepts the next tRNA

  3. The tRNA's exiting site was used after delivering the amino acid

  4. The tRNA GGG holds the mRNA CCC's Amino Acid, which is Proline (Pro)

  5. The first tRNA shall transfer to the E SITE, and the second tRNA shall transfer to the P site to translate the second mRNA to its amino acid

  6. The " A SITE "will then accept another tRNA, where the growing amino acid will transfer
• Termination


  1. If the next mRNA codon is any of the stop codons, UGA, UAG, or UAA, a release factor (a protein) will stop the protein-making

  2. The amino acids will now be released from the P site, and all ribosomes will disassemble from the mRNA