Meaning of HR

• Human Rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which al humans being are entitled.
• Human Rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human being are entitled.

  They should protect all individuals at all times and all places.
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)


  Was adopted by the UN in 1948.

  Consisting of 30 Articles.

  All 192 countries in the UN are meant to follow the UDHR.
• Human Rights Norms

  The foundation of human rights.

  Human rights are protected by law and through the signing of international treaties or conventions e.g. the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
• Intervention

  Humanitarian intervention (by a state or group of states in a foreign territory) may be used to end human rights violations.

  The UN Security Council is the only body that can legally authorise the use of force.

  There are costs and benefits to intervention e.g. political stability or leading to further injustices.

  UN involvement can take many forms e.g. peacekeeping and the coordination of organisation active in an area.

  Other forms of intervention include economic sanctions and prosecutions of individuals responsible for human rights violations.
• Geopolitics

  Is the global political power and international relations.

  Political power is often closely related to economic power (e.g. USA is the only superpower)

  The IMF states that there are powerful ACs, increasingly influential EDCs and peripheral LIDCs.

  Organisations such as the UN exert geopolitical influence.

  MNCs have power and influence over the countries in thrice they invest.
• Force Labour

  21 million victims worldwide.

  Southeast Asia has the highest level at 11.7 million (in 2012)

  Economic factors affecting raes include poverty, migration and low wages.

  Political factors in influence include conflict, corruption and prejudice.

  Social factors of influence include gender inequality, sexual exploitation and bonded labour.

  Environmental factors of influence include escaping climate-related disasters and hazardous working conditions.
• Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

  289000 women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth in 2013 globally.

  Most of these deaths occurred in developing countries e.g. Sierra Leone and Chad.

  MMR affected by access to treatments, poor quality medical care, lack of availability of information and education, poverty and cultural barriers.

  Most of these deaths are preventable.

  Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women fights against the MMR.
• Capital Punishment

  607 executions globally and 2466 people sentenced to death in 55 countries in 2014 (via Amnesty International)

  Factors affecting capital punishment include; differences in types of crime, an increase in the number of countries in which it is abolished, reinstatement in some countries and changes in the number of pardons.