3i

• Brainstorming


  Act of group discussion in order to gather ideas and solve a problem
• Brainstorming techniques


  • Solicit quality ideas
  • Encourage everyone's participation
  • Encourage freewheeling and expression of ideas
  • Do not criticize or evaluate ideas (yet)
  • Build upon other group members' ideas
  • Record ideas accurately during a brainstorming session
  • Use common sense
• Group


  Persons or things located and identified together
• Steps for brainstorming


  1. Apply SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Result Oriented, and Time-Bound)

  2. Cluster similar ideas

  3. Vote on favorites

  4. Document the process

  5. Prioritize ideas

  6. Commit to the next steps

  7. Set expectations

  8. Use common sense
• Research agenda


  • Roadmap or framework that guides inquiry
  • Identifies research priorities and gaps in knowledge in a specific area
  • Serves to guide the direction and development of new projects and research questions
  • Plays a valuable role in helping design scholarly activities for students and faculty
  • Outlines a clear framework for making decisions about future research activities
• Questions to consider for a research agenda

  • What are you passionate about?
  • What do you want to study
  • What is the main theme of your research?
• Considerations for a research topic

  • Availability of local materials
  • Seasonal resources
  • Costing (Materials, Testing, etc)
  • Time (less than 4 months)
  • Logistics
  • Tasking (shared responsibilities)
  • Laboratory testing and other scientific processes involved
  • Storage, handling, disposal
  • Literature on the topic chosen
  • Ethical considerations
  • Social Researches
  • Educational Researches
  • Psychological Researches
  • Qualitative Researches
  • Scientific Investigatory Researches
  • Research and Development of Food Products
• Parts of the introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of purpose
  • Review of literature
  • Synthesis
  • Conceptual framework
  • Paradigm of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Hypothesis
  • Significance of the study
• Background of the study

  • Establishes the context underlying the research
  • Contains the rationale, the key problem statement, and a brief overview of the research question
  • Written in a deductive approach (general to specific); starting from the independent variable to the dependent variable
• Statement of purpose


  Tells the reader what the goal of the study is, and what your study will accomplish
• Conceptual framework


  Representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables or the characteristics or properties that you want to study
• Paradigm of the study


  A framework that guides the research process and determines how the research will be conducted
• Statement of the problem

  • General objective states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms
  • Specific objectives are the specific aspects of the topic that we want to study within our study
• Hypothesis


  An idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved
• Significance of the study

  • The contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a research field
  • Part 1: where you talk about the potential importance and impact of the study
  • Part 2: usually three beneficiaries and the advantages they can get from the study is stated
• Why literature review and not review of related literature and related studies
• Literature review


  • Researcher needs to select materials relevant to the study
  • Overview of what has been written about a specific topic
  • Includes all information and data which are authoritative and relevant to the topic of the study
• Types of literature review

  • An initial collection to build a study bank of previously conducted studies to help you consider the kinds, methods, and sources of evidence for a new study
  • The selective review that selectively targets other studies that appear to cover the same topic and helps you define your study in a new manner
  • A comprehensive review conducted with the desire to summarize what is known in a given topic and guide you to select relevant literature
• Sources for literature review

  • Journal articles
  • Monographs
  • Computerized databases
  • Conference proceedings
  • Theses and dissertations
  • Empirical studies
  • Government reports and reports from other studies
  • Historical records
  • Statistical handbooks
• Questions to consider for a good literature review

  • Have you clearly indicated the scope and purpose of the review?
  • Have you included a balanced coverage of what is available?
  • Have you included enough materials to show the development and limitations in this area?
  • Have you included the most recent and relevant studies?
  • Have you indicated the source of literature by referencing accurately (in text and reference list citations)?
  • Have you used primary sources and appropriate secondary sources?
• Why do a literature review?

  • To indicate research that has been conducted in the area before, to ensure that you are not "reinventing the wheel"
  • To demonstrate you're aware of the important and recent studies in your study area
  • To ensure you haven't missed literature detailing a novel way for you to conduct your study, or pointing you to a data collection tool that is appropriate to your study
  • Explain the theoretical background to your proposed research
  • Demonstrate the ability to critically analyze the literature in your study area
• Kinds of literature review

  • Traditional/narrative literature review
  • Integrative
  • Syntactic
  • Scoping
• Characteristics of a good literature review

  • Materials must be as recent as possible
  • Materials must be objective and unbiased as possible
  • Materials must be relevant to the study
  • Materials must not be too few but not too many
• Types of sources


  • Primary sources
  • Secondary sources
• Steps to write a literature review

  1. Search for relevant literature

  2. Evaluate and select sources

  3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps

  4. Outline your literature review's structure

  5. Write your literature review
• APA citation basics


  • The author-date method must be followed in the in-text citation
  • The author's last name and the year of publication of the source should appear in the text
  • A complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper
  • If an idea is from another work but is NOT directly quoted from the material, make reference to the author and year of publication but do not include the page number
  • All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper
• Reference list: author/authors


  • Single author
  • Two authors
  • Three to seven authors
  • Organization as author
  • Unknown author
• Reference list: articles in periodicals


  • Basic form
• Ampersand (&)


  Symbol used to represent the word "and"
• Brainstorming


  Act of group discussion in order to gather ideas and solve a problem
• Brainstorming techniques


  • Solicit quality ideas
  • Encourage everyone's participation
  • Encourage freewheeling and expression of ideas
  • Do not criticize or evaluate ideas (yet)
  • Build upon other group members' ideas
  • Record ideas accurately during a brainstorming session
  • Use common sense
• Group


  Persons or things located and identified together
• Steps for brainstorming


  1. Apply SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Result Oriented, and Time-Bound)

  2. Cluster similar ideas

  3. Vote on favorites

  4. Document the process

  5. Prioritize ideas

  6. Commit to the next steps

  7. Set expectations

  8. Use common sense
• Research agenda


  • Roadmap or framework that guides inquiry
  • Identifies research priorities and gaps in knowledge in a specific area
  • Serves to guide the direction and development of new projects and research questions
  • Plays a valuable role in helping design scholarly activities for students and faculty
  • Outlines a clear framework for making decisions about future research activities
• Questions to consider for a research agenda

  • What are you passionate about?
  • What do you want to study
  • What is the main theme of your research?
• Considerations for a research topic

  • Availability of local materials
  • Seasonal resources
  • Costing (Materials, Testing, etc)
  • Time (less than 4 months)
  • Logistics
  • Tasking (shared responsibilities)
  • Laboratory testing and other scientific processes involved
  • Storage, handling, disposal
  • Literature on the topic chosen
  • Ethical considerations
  • Social Researches
  • Educational Researches
  • Psychological Researches
  • Qualitative Researches
  • Scientific Investigatory Researches
  • Research and Development of Food Products
• Parts of the introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of purpose
  • Review of literature
  • Synthesis
  • Conceptual framework
  • Paradigm of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Hypothesis
  • Significance of the study
• Background of the study

  • Establishes the context underlying the research
  • Contains the rationale, the key problem statement, and a brief overview of the research question
  • Written in a deductive approach (general to specific); starting from the independent variable to the dependent variable
• Statement of purpose


  Tells the reader what the goal of the study is, and what your study will accomplish
• Conceptual framework


  Representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables or the characteristics or properties that you want to study