Construction Methods and Operations

• CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND OPERATIONS

  • CLEARING THE SITES
  • LOCATION OF STRUCTURES
  • EARTHMOVING
  • STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURES
  • SETTING FOUNDATIONS
  • BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURE
  • ENCLOSING FRAME SUPERSTRUCTURES
  • INSTALLING UTILITIES
  • FINISHING THE PROJECT
• CLEARING THE SITES

  • Demolishing
  • Salvaging
  • Cutting
  • Burning
  • Earthmoving
  • Disposing
• Demolishing 


  ● The dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure or any part thereof.
• Blasting


  If we demolish by using high explosive.
• Wrecking


  When bulldozers or wrecking balls are used.
• Salvaging 


  ● Saving things from being demolished
• Cutting


  In wooded areas, it means bringing down timber by using axes, explosives, or saws. It also can be done with a torch to cut through pieces of metal.
• Burning 


  ● When wood cannot be used or vegetation has to be cleared, one of the best ways of destroying it is through this. This can be done by setting a fire under controlled conditions.
• Earthmoving 


  ●is the process of moving, removing, or adding soil or unformed rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements as part of engineering works.
• Land grading


  is also another type of earthworks, which is done to reconfigure the topography of a worksite or to stabilize slopes.
• Disposing 


  ●means removing from the site materials that are not wanted.

  ●may be done by burying, burning, or hauling away.
• LOCATION OF STRUCTURES

  • Surveying
  • Highway Surveys
  • Building Surveys
• Surveying 


  ●a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth’s surfaces. It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given measurement requirements.
• SURVEYOR


  is the individual with training and equipment needed to do this job.
• Highway Surveys 


  ● A professional form of land survey usually undertaken by public authorities during the planning phases of a road project.
• Control Points 


  ● The most important along the centerline.

  ● These usually show where two lines cross or where the center line turns. These are well marked with flags and stakes to keep construction equipment from running over or bumping them.
• Benchmarks 


  ● The control points for vertical measurements.

  ● These are points of known elevation or height above sea level.
• Slope Stakes 


  ● The markers placed along the alignment of a road or highway to indicate the desired slope of the embankment or cut slope.
• Cut 


  ● The amount of earth which must be removed to get the right elevation or height.
• Fill 


  ● The earth which must be filled in to get the right height.
• Building Surveys 


  ● The inspection and investigation of the construction and services of a property in sufficient depth to enable a surveyor to advise what impact the condition of that property will have upon a client/owner.
• Batter Boards 


  ● The temporary wooden frameworks used in construction to establish the outlines and elevations of a building or structure.
• EARTHMOVING

  • Setting-up Equipment
  • Excavating
  • Transferring and Disposing
• Setting-up Equipment 


  ●All needed ramps, mats (which give support on soft soil), assembly areas, and parking aprons (used for servicing and storage) are made ready ahead of time.
• Excavating 


  ● The act or process of digging, especially when something specific is being removed from the ground.
• Excavating

  1. Bulk Pit Excavating
  2. Bulk Wide-Area Excavating
  3. Loose-Bulk Excavating
  4. Limited-Area Vertical Excavating
  5. Trenching
  6. Dredging
  7. Tunnel Excavating
• Bulk Pit Excavating 


  ● This is the digging up of a wide and deep area. The loose material must be hauled away from the site. Access to this excavation is very limited.

  ● Also called enbankment digging

  ● An example would be a basement being dug for a downtown building which is between two existing buildings.
• Bulk Wide-Area Excavating 


  ● These areas are wide but fairly shallow, and there is easy access to them. The process is mainly about leveling.

  ● An example is the grading for a highway or an airfield.
• Loose-Bulk Excavating 


  ● The material is not hauled away, as in the above two, but it is piled into a new position. Wet clay is the type of matter that is moved.

  ● An example of this excavating practice is the way in which soil is moved in making dikes in order to form a pond.
• Limited-Area Vertical Excavating 


  ● This method of excavation is used in loose or wet soils--unconsolidated formations--where the banks must be supported by shoring or sheathing.

  ● This kind of excavation is done mainly by digging vertically. It may be used to dig a basement.

  ● The sides of the excavation may be braced or shored. The material is lifted up and over the sides of the excavation.
• Trenching 


  ● The excavation is long and narrow.

  ● must be wide enough so that conduits, pipes, and other underground materials can be placed into it. The spoil (removed earth) is piled on the surface at the sides.
• Dredging 


  ● This kind of excavation deals with the removal of soil or other materials from under water. It is much the same as loose-bulk excavating.

  ● For example, this practice might be used in making harbors or river channels deeper.
• Tunnel Excavating 


  ●underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature's action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone.

  ● A vertical opening is usually called a SHAFT.
• The most common techniques for loosening these materials are:

  ● BLASTING - Is done mostly to rock. An explosion caused by high explosive placed as charges in special places in the material causes the rock to break into pieces.

  ● BREAKING - The applying of strong blows to tear up hard materials. Air hammers are examples of breaking tools.

  ● SCARIFYING- Usually done in the upper 18” of the soil, removal of a pavement surface.

  ● RIPPING - Used instead of blasting wherever ripping equipment can get the area and where materials are not too hard.
• Spoil


  Excavating materials transferred or moved from one place to another.
• Filling 


  ●the leveling of low spots. Low spots due to rotting tree roots, settling after underground pipe or cable installation, or erosion.
• Top Dressing 


  ●the spreading of a thin coat over an area and improve the soil without killing the existing turf.
• STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURES

  • Trimming
  • Stabilizing
• Trimming 


  ●the process of preparing the construction site ready for the excavation of foundation.

  ● It can be done by smoothing, compacting out the surface of the site and more. During this process shaping of the excavation bed and wall is also done.
• Trimming


  1. Cleaning and washing
  2. Grading
  3. Sloping
  4. Treating