paper 2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant used or product formed
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy as products form
• What happens to the time taken for a reaction at higher temperatures?

  It takes less time for the reaction
• What does a graph of gas volume against time look like during a reaction?

  Starts steep, then levels out or plateaus
• How can you find the rate at any time on a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  It increases the frequency of collisions
• How does increasing temperature affect reaction particles?

  Particles move more quickly and collide more energetically
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It reduces activation energy needed
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can revert to original reactants
• What does it mean when a system reaches equilibrium?

  Rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  Systems adjust to counteract changes in equilibrium
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  CnHn+2
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas from short alkanes
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the difference in viscosity between longer and shorter fractions?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is the significance of alkenes in polymer production?

  They have a carbon-carbon double bond
• What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?

  It turns colorless if alkene is present
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining two monomers with functional groups
• What are amino acids the building blocks of?

  Proteins
• What is DNA made from?

  Two polymers spiraling in a double helix
• What is a formulation in chemistry?

  A mixture designed for a specific purpose
• How can purity of a substance be tested?

  By measuring its melting or boiling point
• What are the factors that increase the rate of a reaction?

  • Increasing concentration of reactants
  • Increasing pressure of gas reactants
  • Increasing surface area of solid reactants
  • Increasing temperature
  • Adding a catalyst
• What are the steps in fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Heat crude oil to evaporate it
  2. Gases rise in the fractionating column
  3. Gases cool and condense at different heights
  4. Collect fractions based on boiling points
• What are the types of polymerization?

  • Addition polymerization: Monomers with double bonds
  • Condensation polymerization: Monomers with functional groups
• What are the properties of short and long alkanes?

  • Short alkanes: More flammable, lower viscosity
  • Long alkanes: Less flammable, higher viscosity
• What are the uses of polymers derived from alkenes?

  • Used for plastics
  • Used for solvents and lubricants
  • Used for detergents
• What is the significance of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes?

  • Allows for addition reactions
  • Makes alkenes unsaturated
• What are the characteristics of alcohols?

  • Organic compounds with -OH functional group
  • Names end with -ol
  • Can undergo combustion and oxidation
• What is the role of amino acids in biology?

  • Building blocks of proteins
  • Contain amino and carboxyl functional groups
• What is the structure of DNA?

  • Made of two polymers in a double helix
  • Composed of four types of nucleotides