DRRR

• Disaster


  A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
• Disaster


  A result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences
• Risk


  The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences
• Risk


  The degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a situation
• Disaster Risk


  The potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period
• Disaster Risk


  The product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community
• Disaster Risk


  The combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage
• Classifications of Disaster


  • Natural
  • Man-Made
  • Technological/Industrial
  • Terrorism/Violence
  • Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
• Disaster Risk Elements


  • Exposure - elements at risk from a hazard event
  • Hazard - potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation
  • Vulnerability - the condition determined by physical, social, economic environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard
• Reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure is possible by keeping people and property as distant as possible from hazards. We cannot prevent natural events from occurring so we should focus on addressing the reduction of vulnerability and exposure by identifying the factors which underlie disasters.
• Risk Factors


  • Severity of Exposure
  • Gender & Family
  • Age
  • Economic Status of Country
• Climate Change


  Increase disaster risk by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns
• Climate Change


  The change that can be attributed "directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods
• Environmental Degradation


  Changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards
• Globalized Economic Development


  Increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale, increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, providing an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed
• Poverty and Inequality


  Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures, poverty is both a cause and consequence of disaster risk
• Poorly Planned and Managed Urban Development


  The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of widespread poverty
• Weak Governance


  Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income countries with weak governance, disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk within a broader context of risk governance
• Physical Perspective


  Calamities are phenomena that cause great physical damage in a community infrastructure, its people and their properties, e.g. houses and environmental sources of living. These cited effects of a disaster can be easily measured and the most common.
• Public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services
• Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income countries with weak governance
• Disaster risk governance


  The specific arrangements that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk within a broader context of risk governance
• This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader social and economic concerns
• Physical disasters


  • Calamities that cause great physical damage in a community infrastructure, its people and their properties
  • Natural disasters generally affect the physical infrastructural facilities, agricultural productivity and even lead to loss of life and cause damage to property
  • Various factors influence the effects of a disaster on a country among them are the magnitude of the disaster, the geography of the area affected, and the recovery efforts directed towards reducing the immediate effects of a disaster
• Effects of physical disasters

  • Injuries
  • Physical disabilities or illness
  • Sanitation
  • Damage in infrastructure
• Psychological effects of disasters

  • Victims may suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other serious mental health conditions
  • Disasters are mostly unpredictable, which leave the victims in a state of shock
  • Death of a closed one leaves the victim in a state of insecurity because the sense of love, attachment and belongingness are deprived
• Psychological effects of a disaster

  • Distress
  • Hopelessness
  • Intrusion/avoidance
  • Emotional effects
  • Hatred/revenge
  • Cognitive Effects
  • Dependence/insecurities
  • Physical Effects
  • Grief/withdrawn/isolation
  • Interpersonal effect
  • Guilt feeling
  • Helplessness
  • Lack of trust
• Socio-cultural characteristics of Filipinos


  • Matiisin, resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful
  • Culture of "malalampasan din natin 'to.." belief and "bahala na ang Diyos" syndrome gives hope
• Socio-cultural effects of disasters


  • Change in individual roles
  • Disruption of social relationships and personal connections
• Economic effects of disasters


  • Reduce local and international trade
  • Partially or totally paralyze a country's transportation system
  • Implementation of a partial and total shut down of local business operations result to a lot of people losing means of living
• Economic effects of disasters


  • Loss of life
  • Unemployment
  • Loss of property
  • Loss of household articles
  • Loss of crops
  • Loss of public infrastructure
• Political effects of disasters


  • Natural disasters are commonly thought to be less politically argumentative than armed conflicts, yet a closer look shows that both the effects of a natural disaster and the resulting distribution of humanitarian aid are profoundly linked to politics
  • Vulnerability to disasters is mediated by the political system of a country, and disasters can have major consequences for political stability and political legitimacy
• Biological disasters


  • The disturbing effects caused by a prevalent kind of disease or virus in an epidemic or pandemic level
  • Biological disasters can wipe out an entire population at a short span of time
  • Viral respiratory infections can lead to anything from a mild cough that lasts a few weeks or months to full-blown persistent wheezing or asthma
• Effects of biological disasters


  • Loss of lives
  • Public demobilization
  • Negative economic effect
  • Unemployment
  • Hunger
• Earthquake


  • The vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere
  • Caused by slippage along a break in the lithosphere, called a fault
  • Energy released by an earthquake travels in all directions from the focus in the form of seismic waves
  • Movement that occurs along faults during earthquakes is a major factor in changing Earth's surface
  • Forces inside Earth slowly deform the rock that makes up Earth's crust, causing rock to bend
  • Elastic rebound is the tendency for the deformed rock along a fault to spring back after an earthquake
  • An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs sometime soon after a major earthquake
  • A seismograph is a device used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake
• Magnitude


  Measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake
• Intensity


  Measures the strength of shaking in a certain location, determined from effects on people, human structures, and natural environment
• Earthquakes that are small in magnitude and far from urban areas were barely felt, but are recorded in seismographs
• Earthquakes that are shallow and near urban areas can be greatly felt even if they are weak
• Primary earthquake effects


  • Permanent features an earthquake can bring out, such as fault scarps, surface ruptures, and offsets of natural or human-constructed objects