chemistry paper 2

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant or volume of gas
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution is becoming cloudy
• How can temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher temperature decreases reaction time
• What is a method to measure gas produced in a reaction?

  Using a gas syringe
• What does a graph of reaction rate typically look like?

  A curve that levels out over time
• What does drawing a tangent on a graph indicate?

  The rate at a specific time
• What are three ways to increase the rate of a reaction?

  Increase concentration, pressure, surface area
• Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?

  Particles move faster and collide more
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  Reduces activation energy needed
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can revert to reactants
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  System adjusts to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the first alkane in the series?

  Methane
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the characteristic of shorter alkanes?

  More flammable and less viscous
• What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

  Alkenes have a carbon-carbon double bond
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

  It turns colorless as bromine bonds
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What is the process of cracking in chemistry?

  Breaking longer alkanes into shorter ones
• What is catalytic cracking?

  Cracking with a catalyst at lower temperature
• What is produced when butane is cracked?

  Ethane and ethene
• What is the name of the reaction that produces polymers from monomers?

  Addition polymerization
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining two monomers with functional groups
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  Large molecule storing genetic code
• What is a formulation in chemistry?

  A mixture designed for a specific use
• How can purity be tested in substances?

  By measuring melting or boiling points
• What does a specific melting point indicate about a substance?

  It is likely a pure substance
• What can be polymerized to make polypeptides?

  Amino acids
• What is the full name of DNA?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid