Memory Models

• Anticipation

  Predicting that something will happen. Types of anticipation: Temporal anticipation and Spatial anticipation
• Baddeley and Hitch working memory model


  Has four main components: Central executive, Episodic buffer, Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad
• DCR process

  Detection of stimuli, Comparison to memory stores, Recognition of relevant stimuli based on past experiences
• Hick's law


  The more choices there are the slower reaction time
• Long term memory


  Has an unlimited capacity. It is where information such as motor programmes and past experiences are stored until they are required by the short term / working memory. Can be improved by using chunking and chaining
• Perception


  The process of filtering and making sense of sensory information
• Psychological refractory period


  The delay in response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli. Explained by single channel hypothesis which suggests that the brain can only deal with one piece of information at a time
• Response time

  Response time is the time from the start of the stimulus to end of the response. Reaction time plus movement time
• Simple reaction time


  The time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus
• Choice reaction time


  The time taken between a stimulus and an action which requires a choice
• Chaining

  Linking bits of information together so it can be stored as one item
• Psychological refractory period


  The delay in response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli
• Psychological refractory period


  • Explained by single channel hypothesis which suggests that the brain can only deal with one piece of information at a time. When it receives several pieces in rapid succession, a 'bottleneck' is formed
• Response time

  The time from the start of the stimulus to end of the response. Reaction time plus movement time
• Reaction time


  The time taken between a stimulus and the start of a response
• Types of reaction time


  • Simple reaction time: The time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus
  • Choice reaction time: The time taken between a stimulus and an action which requires a choice
• Movement time


  The time from the start of the response to the end of the response
• Schmidt's schema theory

  In 1975 Schmidt proposed that we adapt generalised motor programmes (schema) to perform in sport
• Recall schema


  • Initial conditions: Information from the environment eg about where the performer is
  • Response specifications: Information about what the performer needs to do
• Recognition schema


  • Sensory consequences: Information about how the movement felt
  • Response outcomes: Information about what happened
• Selective attention


  Filtering information to identify what are perceived to be relevant stimuli and ignore stimuli deemed irrelevant
• Senses

  • External senses include sight and hearing
  • Internal senses are collectively known as proprioception. This includes touch and kinesthesis. Kinesthesis is your inner awareness of the position of your body
• Short term memory

  The short-term memory has a limited capacity of 5-9 items and duration of up to 30 seconds
• Whiting's information processing model


  • Environment: Everything present in the competitive situation
  • Display: The parts of the environment which the perform is aware of
  • Sensory organs: The parts of the body which detect stimuli
  • Perceptual mechanisms: The stimuli are interpreted, which involves the DCR process and selective attention
  • Translatory mechanisms: Is where a decision is made based on comparison of the current situation with information stored in the long-term memory
  • Effector mechanisms: Where the response is programmed and sent out via neuromuscular system
  • Muscular system output: The response is performed
  • Feedback: Information is received about the outcome of performance