Eukaryotic cells

• Nuclear envelope - double membrane that controls reactions taking place in the nucleus
• Nucleolus - manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes
• Chromosomes - consist of protein bound DNA
• Nuclear pores - allow passage of molecules such as RNA out of the nucleus
• Nucleus - contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell
• Mitochondria - site of aerobic respiration, responsible for the production of ATP
• Mitochondrial double membrane - controls entry and exit of material
• Mitochondrial cristae - provide a large surface area for enzyme attachment and in respiration
• Mitochondrial matrix - allows production of its own proteins
• Chloroplast envelope - double membrane that surrounds the organelle, controls what leaves and enters the chloroplast
• The grana - stacks of disc-like structures called thylakoids (where photosynthesis occurs). Has a large surface area for attachment of chlorophyll
• The stroma - where the light independent reaction occurs
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum - coated in a layer of ribosomes, used in protein synthesis
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - synthesises and stores lipids
• Golgi apparatus - modifies, labels, packages, and transports proteins. Proteins are transported in Golgi vesicles, which are pinched off from the end of the golgi cisternae
• Lysosomes - contain lysozymes which are hydrolytic enzymes which break down cell walls of cells and lead to apoptosis
• Ribosomes - Site of protein synthesis in the cell.

  • 70S - smaller, found in prokaryotic cells
  • 80S - bigger, found in eukaryotic cells
• Cell wall - made out of cellulose, providing strength to the cell stopping it from bursting
• Vacuoles - make cells turgid and and colour to petals