SHIN

• Cell


  The basic building blocks of all living things
• Organelle


  A small, organ-like structure that performs specific functions within a cell
• Components of Cells


  • Plasma (cell) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
• Cell wall


  Located outside of the cell membrane, serves to protect and provide structural support to the cell, filters molecules passing in and out
• Cell Membrane


  The semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  A membrane-bound structure that stores DNA and is present only in eukaryotic cells
• Components of the Nucleus

  • Nucleolus
  • Nucleopore
• Plastids


  Membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA and serve functions like starch storage and photosynthesis
• Types of Plastids


  • Leucoplasts
  • Chloroplasts
  • Chromoplasts
• Central Vacuole


  A large, membrane-bound structure that fills much of the plant cell
• Vesicles


  Composed of endomembrane system material, bud off from the RER, carrying material into the Golgi Apparatus
• Golgi Apparatus


  Responsible for sorting, tagging, packaging, and distributing lipids and proteins, modifies them as they pass through
• Ribosomes


  Responsible for protein synthesis, can be free-floating or attached to membranes
• Mitochondria


  Transform glucose into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, the main energy source for plant cells
• Peroxisome


  Small organelles that break down fatty and amino acids, detoxify poisons
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  A series of membranous sacs and tubules that modify proteins and synthesize lipids
• Plasmodesmata


  Small tubes that connect plant cells, providing living bridges between them
• Cytoplasm


  The cell's entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, composed of organelles, cytoskeleton, and chemicals
• Cytoskeleton


  Microtubules in the cytoplasm that play a role in cell division, cell wall construction, and forming cilia and flagella
• Components Unique to Plant Cells

  • Cell wall
  • Central Vacuole
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Plastids
• Plant Cell Types


  • Parenchyma cells
  • Sclerenchyma cells
  • Collenchyma cells
  • Xylem cells
  • Phloem cells
• Collenchyma Cells


  Hard or rigid cells that provide support to plants when primary walls lack a hardening agent
• Sclerenchyma Cells


  More flexible than collenchyma cells due to the presence of hardening agents, provide structural support
• Parenchyma Cells


  Vital to the growth and development of plants, living cells that participate in various functions
• Xylem Cells


  Transport cells that help in the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts
• Phloem Cells


  Transport cells that transport food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plants
• Plant Tissues


  A group of similar cells
• Meristematic Tissue


  A group of undifferentiated cells responsible for continuous cell division and growth
• Types of Meristems


  • Apical meristems
  • Lateral Meristems
  • Vascular Cambium
  • Cork Cambium
  • Intercalary Meristems
• Tissues Produced by Meristem

  • Simple tissues (one cell type)
  • Complex tissues (multiple cell types)
• Parenchyma Tissue


  Composed of parenchyma cells, the most abundant cell type found in almost all major parts of higher plants
• Specialized Parenchyma Tissues


  • Chlorenchyma
  • Aerenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
• Xylem


  An important component of the "plumbing" and storage systems of a plant, the chief conducting tissue for water and minerals
• Phloem


  Conducts dissolved food materials (primarily sugars) produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
• Epidermis


  The outermost layer of cells of all young plant organs, in direct contact with the environment
• Periderm


  Constitutes the outer bark, primarily composed of dead cork cells
• Secretory Cells


  May function individually or as part of a secretory tissue, often derived from parenchyma
• Metabolism


  The sum of all the complex interrelated biochemical processes that take place in a living organism, requires energy
• Enzymes


  Regulate and catalyze reactions of metabolism, many involve oxidation-reduction reactions
• Types of Metabolic Processes

  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism