2

• Levator


  Muscle that raises or elevates a part
• Depressor


  Muscles that lowers or depresses a part
• Rotator


  Muscles that turns a body part on its axis
• Supinator


  Muscles that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upwards
• Pronator


  Muscles that rotates the palmar and plantar surface downwards
• Pectoral


  Located on the chest
• Epaxial


  Located above the pelvic axis
• Intercostal


  Located between the rib
• Infraspinatus


  Located beneath the spine of the scapula
• Supraspinatus


  Located above the spine of the scapula
• Inferior


  Below or deep
• Orbicularis


  Surrounding another structure
• Rectus


  Straight; align with vertical axis of the body
• Oblique


  Slanted; slant outward from the midline
• Transverse


  Crosswise
• Sphincter


  Tight band; ring-like and constrict the opening of passages
• Latissimus


  Broad
• Longissimus or gracilis


  Narrow
• Sartorius


  Named because it flexes and adducts the leg of a human to that position assumed by a tailor sitting cross-legged at work
• Gemellus


  Twinned muscle
• Gastrocnemius


  Resemble shape of a stomach
• Deltoid


  Looks like a Greek letter delta
• Quadratus


  Muscles that are square or four-shaped
• Rhomboideus


  Muscles are diamond shaped
• Scaleneus


  Muscles are unequally three-sided
• Serratus


  Muscles are saw-toothed
• Teres


  Muscles are cylindrical
• Fibrous raphe


  Seamlike union of two lateral halves of a part or organ having externally a ridge or furrow and internally usually a fibrous connective tissue septum
• Aponeurosis


  A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes places of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment
• Tendon allows the body to move while aponeurosis allows the body to be strong and stable
• Fascia


  A band or sheet of connective tissue that separates muscles and other internal organs
• Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb

  • Superficial pectoral
  • Deep pectoral
  • Brachiocephalicus
  • Omotransversarius
  • Trapezius
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Sternocephalicus
  • Rhomboideus
  • Serratus ventralis
• Superficial pectoral


  • Origin: the first 2 sternebrae and usually part of the third
  • Insertion: the whole crest of the greater tubercle
  • Action: to adduct the limb when it is not bearing weight or to prevent the limb from being abducted when bearing weight
  • Innervation: Cranial pectoral nerves (C7, C8)
• Deep pectoral


  Muscle
• Deep pectoral


  • Origin: ventral part of the sternum, fibrous raphe between fellow muscles, deep abdominal fascia in the region of the xiphoid cartilage
  • Insertion: major portion partly muscular, partly tendinous on the lesser tubercle of the humerus, aponeurosis to the greater tubercle and its crest, caudal part to the medial brachial fascia
  • Action: to pull the trunk cranially when the limb is advanced and fixed, to extend the shoulder, to draw the limb caudally when it is not supporting weight
  • Innervation: caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1)
• Braciocephalicus


  3 muscles
• Braciocephalicus


  • To advance the limb
  • To extend the shoulder
  • To draw the neck and head to the side
• Innervation of Braciocephalicus


  Accessory nerve, and ventral branches of cervical nerves
• Sternocephalicus


  4 muscles
• Sternocephalicus


  • Origin: the first sternebrae or manubrium
  • Insertion: the mastoid part of the temporal bone and the nuchal crest of the occipital bone
  • Action: to draw head and neck to the side