chapter 9

• Accreditation


  The process of evaluating and certifying that an institution or program meets established standards of quality and excellence set by accrediting agencies, ensuring credibility and accountability in education or professional practices
• Actuarial Science


  The discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to the systematic observation of natural events to assess the risk of events occurring and help formulate policies that minimize this risk and its financial impact on companies and clients
• Authority


  The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
• Autonomy


  The ability or right of an individual, group, or organization to make their own decisions and act independently, without undue influence or interference from others
• Convergence


  The process of coming together or merging towards a common point or goal, often involving different ideas, perspectives, or entities
• Decentralization


  The distribution of power, authority, or control across multiple entities rather than being concentrated in a single central authority
• Devolve


  Transfer or delegate (power) to a lower level, especially from central government to local or regional administration
• Empowerment


  The act of giving individuals or groups the authority, resources, and confidence to make decisions and take action to improve their circumstances and pursue their aspirations
• Essence


  The quality or qualities that make a thing what it is
• Fiscal


  Relating to government revenue, especially taxes, fiscal is used to describe something that relates to government money or public money, especially taxes
• Hierarchical


  Arranged according to people's or things' level of importance, or relating to such system. An order from the most to the least important
• Institutionalization


  The establishment and maintenance of formal structures, systems, or practices within an organization or society, typically aimed at ensuring stability, continuity, and efficiency over time
• Mobilization


  The act of assembling, organizing, and preparing resources, such as people, materials, or equipment, for a specific purpose or objective, often related to a collective effort or action
• Morale


  The confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time
• School-based Management


  The systematic decentralization to the school level of authority and responsibility to make decisions on significant matters related to school operations within a centrally determined framework of goals, policies, curriculum, standards, and accountability
• Subsidiarity


  The principle of allowing the individual members of a large organization to make decisions on issues that affect them, rather than leaving those decisions to be made by the whole group
• Tenet


  A principle, belief, or doctrine that is held to be true or fundamental by a person, group, or organization
• Truancy


  Any intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education. It is a deliberate absence by a student's own free will (though sometimes adults or parents will allow or ignore it) and usually does not refer to legitimate excused absences, such as ones related to medical conditions