biology

• Steeping


  • Cleaning the grain kernels and bringing it to life with water and oxygen by immersing it in the water and air for a specified time period
  • Activates naturally the existing enzymes in grains and stimulates the production of enzymes
  • Water temperature and aeration are vital for producing high quality malt
  • depending on the grain type & size malting occur over a period of 24-48 hours
  • steeping will be complete when the barley has reached sufficient moisture level to allow a uniform breakdown of starches and proteins
• modification

  • Breakdown of protein and carbohydrates, resulting in the opening up of the seeds' starch reserves within four to six days as Green Malt
• additional drying further reduces the moisture content and prepares the malt for flavor and color development.
• the kilning process achieve enzymatic activity and friability, a wide range of malt colors and flavors and distinctive ales and lagers
• Malting aims to modify the physical structure of the grain and allow activation of a series of enzymes to produce malt for uses in brewing, distilling or food production.
• Barley is the most common cereal used for the production of malt because of its high starch-to-protein ratio
• Barley malting in Ethiopia is practiced for the production of traditional beer (Tella) and uses as in ingredient in porridge making or drinks.
• Traditional malting is the process of sprouting barley grains for the production of enzymes (α-amylase and β-amylase) to process fermentation drinks such as Tella.
• The steps of traditional malting process include:

  1.Soaking barley grains (steeping)

  2. Germinating (sprouting)

  3. Kilning (Heating) the malt
• The most commonly used grains for malting are barley, maize, millet, sorghum and the like.
• The main purpose of malt production is 


  to produce alcoholic beverages drinks for consumptions and income generation to support the livelihood of the people.
• Malting requires raw materials like


  barley for fermentation of alcoholic drinks like Tella.
• A biochemist 


  is a scientist who studies the chemical processes transformations in living organisms including DNA, proteins and cell part
• A biochemist also conducts research on

  • how certain chemical reactions happen in cells and record the effects of products in food additive and medicines. ->in the field of agriculture, in the interactions between herbicides with plants.
• The study of biochemistry deals with all aspects of the immune systems, expressions of genes, isolation, analysis and synthesis of products. It also concerned with studying mutations that leads to cancers, scientific procedures used to manage and monitor laboratory works.
• They also examine the relationships between or among compounds that determine the ability to inhibit growth and evaluate the toxicological effects
• austrian gregor mendel


  first explained the way in which characteristics of organisms are passed from one generation to the next generation.
• mendel studied how traits and characteristics were transferred from one generation to the next and discovered the principles of heredity in the middle of the 19th century
• he discovered two foundational principles of inheritance and established different terminologies used in genetics, such as factors (later genes, alleles), dominant, recessive, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, etc.
• The principles of Mendelian inheritance, or Mendel’s principles of heredity, are the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
• inheritance 


  the process of transmission of genes from parents to offspring.
• mendelian inheritance


  set of principles discovered by gregor mendel regarding the transmission of genetic characters from parent to offspring.
• Mendelian inheritance refers to the patterns of inheritance of traits or transmission of traits, controlled by a single gene with two alternative alleles, from parent to offspring.
• Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, conducted experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum ) by 1.cultivating them, 2.crossing them with each other, 3.observing the pattern of inheritance in different stages of generation.
• different types of crosses

  such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and test
• A monohybrid cross


  is a cross between two parents to study the inheritance of a single character from each parent
• Mendel first conducted a self-cross. he found that the seven pea plant characteristics were consistent in generation after generation of self-fertilization, and they were considered pure lines/true lines.
• He cross-pollinated two pure lines for contrasting characters and the resultant offspring were called


  the F1 generation
• he F1 generations were then self-pollinated which gave rise to


  the F2 generation
• punnet square 


  a cart used to determine the exact ratio of a genotype & phenotype in the offspring,
• punnet square it is drawn to predict all the possible outcomes of all the possible random fertilization events and their expected frequencies.
• homozygous dominant 


  TT
• homozygous recessive


  tt
• heterozygous dominant


  Tt
• mendel's conclusion

  1. each parent in his F1 generation starts with two hereditary "factors". 2. only one factor from each parent is contributed to the off spring. 3. if the dominant factor is present, it will be expressed even if the recessive factors is also present.
• A dihybrid cross


  is a cross between two traits of individuals at a time.
• dihybrid cross is a cross between two entities of two different trait
• From monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered the two foundational laws of inheritance. These are the laws of segregation and the law of independent assortment
• Knowing the genotypes of an individual is usually an important part of a genetic experiment.
• A test cross is

  used to determine the unknown genotype of an organism by crossing with a known homozygous recessive genotype.