Unit 5 Concept 4

• Genetic engineering


  The direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology
• Biotechnology


  Any technology used to change the genetic makeup of living things to make products
• Recombinant DNA


  Artificially made DNA from 2 or more different sources
• Genome


  An organism's complete set of DNA; all of its genes
• Human genome project


  The first complete map of the entire human genome, completed in 2003
• Encode project


  Launched as a follow up to the human genome project to interpret the sequence determined from the HGP
• 1000 genomes project


  An even more detailed genome map, sequencing over 1000 different people from a variety of ethnic background, completed in 2015
• Gene map


  Shows the location of genes on a chromosome
• Restriction enzymes


  Used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)


  A technique that allows you to copy a piece of DNA without a cell
• Gel electrophoresis


  A laboratory method that uses an electric current to separate DNA fragments based on their molecular size
• Gene cloning


  Produces multiple identical copies of a gene
• Transformation


  The process of inserting recombinant DNA into host cells
• Gene therapy


  Inserting a normal gene (or editing an existing gene) to fix an absent or abnormal gene
• CRISPR


  A gene editing technique that helps us to understand the genetics behind many diseases
• Stem cells


  Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become anything
• Selective breeding


  Artificially breeding organisms with a desired trait
• Pharming


  Producing pharmaceuticals in farm animals or plants
• GMO


  Organisms altered by recombinant DNA technology for desired traits
• Inbreeding


  Crossing individuals that are closely related
• Hybridization


  A type of selective breeding between unrelated organisms, occurs between 2 different species
• The overall goal of genetic engineering is to modify an organism's genetic material to achieve desired traits or characteristics, such as improved crop yield or disease resistance
• This is accomplished through techniques like gene splicing, where specific genes are inserted, deleted, or modified in an organism's DNA using molecular tools such as restriction enzymes and DNA ligases
• Offspring from hybridization are often hardier than either of the parents