Jung

• Jung - Analytical Psychology
• Levels of the Psyche

  • Jung saw the human psyche as being divided into a conscious and an unconscious level, with the latter further subdivided into a personal and a collective unconscious.
• Conscious

  • Images sensed by the ego are said to be conscious. The ego thus represents the conscious side of personality, and in the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self.
• Personal Unconscious

  • Jung divided the unconscious into the personal unconscious, which contains the complexes (emotionally toned groups of related ideas) and the collective unconscious, or ideas that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors.
• Collective Unconscious

  • Collective unconscious images are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action. Contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes.
• Archetypes

  • Jung believed that archetypes originate through the repeated experiences of our ancestors and that they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations. Several archetypes acquire their own personality, and Jung identified these by name.
• Persona - the side of our personality that we show to others
• Shadow - the dark side of personality
• 1. To reach full psychological maturity, Jung believed, we must first realize or accept our shadow.
  2. A second hurdle in achieving maturity is formen to accept their anima, or feminine side, and for women to embrace their animus, or masculine disposition.
• Great mother - the archetype of nourishment and destruction
• Wise old man - wisdom and meaning
• Hero - the image we have of a conqueror who vanquished evil, but who has a single fatal flaw
• Self

  • most comprehensive archetype
  • image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection
• Self-realization

  • ultimate in psychological maturity
  • symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure
• Dynamics of Personality

  • Jung believed that the dynamic principles that apply to physical energy also apply to psychic energy. These forces include causality and teleology as well as progression and regression.
• Causality and Teleology

  • Jung accepted a middle position between the philosophical issues of causality and teleology. In other words, humans are motivated both by their past experiences and by their expectations of the future.
• Progression and Regression

  • To achieve self-realization, people must adapt to both their external and internal worlds. Progression involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy, whereas regression refers to adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy.
• Psychological Types

  • Eight basic psychological types emerge from the union of two attitudes and four functions.
• Attitudes - are predispositions to act or react in a characteristic manner
• Two basic attitudes

  1. Introversion - people's subjective perceptions
  2. Extraversion - indicates an orientation toward the objective world
• Extraverts are influenced more by the real world than by their subjective perception, whereas introverts rely on their individualized view of things. Introverts and extraverts often mistrust and misunderstand one another.
• Functions

  • The two attitudes or extroversion and introversion can combine with four basic functions to form eight general personality types
• Four Functions

  1. Thinking
  2. Feeling
  3. Sensation
  4. Intuition
• Jung referred to thinking and feeling as rational functions and to sensation and intuition as irrational functions.
• Development of Personality

  • Nearly unique among personality theorists was Jung's emphasis on the second half of life. Jung saw middle and old age as times when people may acquire the ability to attain self-realization.
• Stages of Development

  1. Childhood
  2. Youth
  3. Middle life
  4. Old Age
• Childhood - lasts from birth until adolescence
• Youth - the period from puberty until middle life, which is a time for extraverted development and for being grounded to the real world of schooling, occupation, courtship, marriage, and family
• Middle life - which is a time from about 35 or 40 until old age when people should be adopting an introverted attitude
• Old age - which is a time for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for death
• Self-Realization (individuation)

  • involves a psychological rebirth and an integration of various parts of the psyche into a unified or whole individual. Self-realization represents the highest level of human development.
• Jung's Methods of Investigation

  1. Word association test
  2. Dreams
  3. Active Imagination (process of psychotherapy)
• Word Association Test

  • The technique requires a patient to utter the first word that comes to mind after the examiner reads a stimulus word. Unusual responses indicate a complex.
• Dream Analysis

  • Jung believed that dreams may have both a cause and a purpose and thus can be useful in explaining past events and in making decisions about the future.
• Active Imagination

  • to arrive at collective images
  • This technique requires the patient to concentrate on a single image until that image begins to appear in a different form.
  • Eventually, the patient should see figures that represent archetypes and other collective unconscious images.
• The goal of Jungian therapy

  1. To help neurotic patients become healthy and to move healthy people in the direction of self-realization
  2. Jung was eclectic in his choice of therapeutic techniques and treated old people differently than the young.
• Although Jungian psychology has not generated large volumes of research, some investigators have used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to examine the idea of psychological types.
• Critique of Jung

  • Although Jung considered himself a scientist, many of his writings have more of a philosophical than a psychological flavor.